Bottlebrush polymers and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Provided are new bottlebrush polymers and diblock bottlebrush copolymers, which can self-assemble into structures of desired morphology (e.g., hexagonal cylindrical, gyroid). The self-assembled structures of the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers provide useful materials such as photonics (e.g., photonic crystals), functional materials, chromatography media, stimuli-responsive materials, lubricants, nanolithography, films, and coatings. In certain embodiments, the backbone repeating units of the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers have two different polymeric sidechains covalently attached to the backbone repeating unit through a branched linker, wherein one of the polymeric sidechain is a polysiloxane. Also provided are methods of preparing the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers described herein.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of international PCT application, PCT/US2017/048641, filed Aug. 25, 2017, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. provisional patent application, U.S. Ser. No. 62/380,237, filed Aug. 26, 2016, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under grant number FA9550-14-1-0292 awarded by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Bottlebrush polymers (also referred to a polymer brushes) are macromolecules comprising polymeric sidechains attached to a linear polymeric backbone. Bottlebrush polymers are types of branched or graft polymer, and have unique properties due to their highly branched structure. The high molecular weight and high sidechain grating density typical of bottlebrush polymers can allow these macromolecules to self-assemble into well-defined structures with large domain sizes. Such properties give these polymers potential applications in, e.g., photonics, chromatography media, stimuli-responsive materials, lubricants, nanolithography, films, coatings, and drug delivery. Bottlebrush copolymers are bottlebrush polymers comprising two or more different polymeric sidechains (i.e., two or more sidechains of different polymeric composition). These copolymers can be block copolymers, or copolymers wherein the polymeric sidechains are mixed and/or randomly dispersed. For a review on the structure, function, self-assembly, and applications of bottlebrush polymers, see. e.g., Verduzco et al. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 2405-2420, and references cite therein; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The merger of advanced polymer architectures with concepts from block copolymer (BCP) assembly¹ has offered numerous strategies for controlling the structure and composition of soft matter on the nanoscale. For example, several studies have investigated the assembly of multi-block linear copolymers, miktoarm star polymers, dendrimers, and bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs).² BBCPs are particularly interesting due to their dense functionality, high molecular weight, lack of entanglement, large molecular size, and tendency to undergo rapid and efficient bulk phase-separation.³

Of the various methods for BBCP synthesis, graft-through ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbomene-functionalized macromonomers (MMs) has proven to be particularly effective. For example, Grubbs and coworkers have demonstrated the synthesis of a range of various A_(n)-block-B_(m) BBCPs via sequential addition of “A” and “B” MMs in a “graft-through” ROMP process (FIG. 1A).⁴ Alternatively, there are examples of core-shell BBCPs via graft-through ROMP of norbomene-terminated BCP MMs (FIG. 1B).^(1b,5)

The synthesis of bottlebrush and related nano-architectures via graft-through ROMP of branched MMs (BMMs) that feature a polymerizable norbornene group at the center of distinct “A” and “B” domains have been of interest.⁶ Such polymers mimic alternating copolymers, but are more synthetically accessible.^(5d) Though there are now several examples of such Janus-type “A-branch-B” polymers wherein one of the functional domains is a small molecule, there is a need for polymer materials wherein A and B are immiscible polymers (FIG. 1C).⁷

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Nanostructures with certain ordered morphologies (e.g., hexagonal cylindrical, gyroid) provide useful materials for a variety of applications, including photonics (e.g., photonic crystals), functional materials, chromatography media, stimuli-responsive materials, lubricants, nanolithography, films, and coatings. The present invention relates to new bottlebrush polymers (e.g. “A-branch-B bottlebrush copolymers” or “Janus bottlebrush polymers”) and copolymers, which are useful in these applications. In certain embodiments, the backbone repeating units of the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers have two different immiscible polymeric sidechains covalently attached to the backbone repeating unit through a branched linker, thus imparting specific structure that results in desired properties (e.g., hexagonal cylindrical and/or gyroid morphologies). In particular, in bottlebrush polymers with dissimilar sidechains, the microdomain period scales with the length of the sidechains instead of the overall backbone length. Ultra-small patterns can therefore be fabricated from a high molecular weight bottlebrush polymer, and the desired pitch of the patterns can be controlled by tuning the sidechain length, thus making possible well-ordered self-assembled thin film nanostructures with diverse applications, such as nanolithographic pattern transfer.

In one aspect, the present invention provides bottlebrush polymers. In certain embodiments, a bottlebrush polymer of the present invention comprises a backbone of repeating units covalently linked to polymeric sidechains, wherein the polymer is capable of self-assembling into structures having a hexagonal cylindrical or gyroid morphology. In certain embodiments, the repeating units of the backbone are the same. In certain embodiments, each repeating unit of the backbone is linked to at least two different polymeric sidechains. In certain embodiments, at least one polymeric sidechain is a polysiloxane (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane).

In certain embodiments, a bottlebrush polymer of the present invention is of Formula (I):

or salts thereof, wherein:

G^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof;

each of L¹, L², L³. L^(A), and L^(B) is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof:

each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio:

n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive;

A is a polysiloxane having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and

B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da.

For example, in certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer of Formula (I) is a bottlebrush polymer of Formula (I-a):

or salts thereof, wherein T¹, T², L², L^(A), L^(B), A, B, n, and m, are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I).

In certain embodiments, one of A and B is a polysiloxane (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane), and the other is a polyether, a polyester, a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, or a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, A is a polysiloxane (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane), and B is a vinyl polymer (e.g., polystyrene). In other embodiments, A is a polysiloxane (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane), and B is a polyacrylate (e.g., poly(tert-butylacrylate)).

In certain embodiments, polymers of Formula (I) provides a bottlebrush polymer capable of self-assembling into structures having a gyroid morphology. For example, a bottlebrush polymer of formula (I-a), wherein A is polydimethylsiloxane; and B is poly(tert-butyl acrylate); wherein the ratio of dimethylsiloxane repeating units to tert-butyl acrylate)repeating units is about 2.6:1, may be capable of self-assembling into structures with a gyroid morphology. In particular, a bottlebrush polymer of the following formula may be capable of self-assembling into structures with a gyroid morphology:

or salts thereof, wherein: each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl; n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; p is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; and q is an integer between 25 and 260, inclusive; wherein the ratio of q:p is about 2.6:1.

In another aspect, the present invention provides bottlebrush copolymers (e.g., AB diblock bottlebrush copolymers). A diblock bottlebrush copolymer of the present invention comprises a backbone of repeating units covalently linked to polymeric sidechains; wherein the copolymer is a diblock copolymer. In certain embodiments, at least one block of the copolymer comprises polysiloxane sidechains (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane). In certain embodiments, one block of the copolymer comprises repeating units of the backbone linked to at least two different polymeric sidechains (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane and polystyrene). In certain embodiments, each block of the copolymer comprises repeating units of the backbone linked to at least two different polymeric sidechains (e.g., poly(lactic acid) and polystyrene).

In certain embodiments, a bottlebrush copolymer of the present invention is of Formula (II):

or salts thereof, wherein:

each of G^(A) and G^(B) is independently optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof:

each of L¹, L², L³, L⁴, and L⁵ is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof;

each of L^(A), L^(B), L^(C), and L^(D) is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof:

each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio:

n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive;

m is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive; and

each of A, B, C, and D is independently a polymer or hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, no more than one of A, B, C, or D is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, no more than two of A, B, C, or D is the same polymer. In certain embodiments, none of A, B, C, or D is the same polymer. In certain embodiments, at least one of A, B, C, or D is a polysiloxane.

For example, in certain embodiments, the bottlebrush copolymer of Formula (II) is a bottlebrush copolymer of Formula (II-a):

or salts thereof, wherein T¹, T², L², L⁴, L^(A), L^(B), L^(C), L^(D), A, B, C, D, n, and m are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (II).

In certain embodiments, one of A, B, C, and D is a hydrogen; one is a polysiloxane (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane); and the remaining are polymers (e.g. polyethers, polyesters, polyacrylamides, polyacrylates, vinyl polymers). In certain embodiments, one of A, B, C, and D is a polysiloxane (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane); and the remaining are polymers (e.g., polyethers, polyesters, polyacrylamides, polyacrylates, vinyl polymers). In other embodiments, B is a polysiloxane (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane), and A, C, and D are each independently a polyacrylate (e.g., poly(tert-butylacrylate)), a polyester (e.g., poly(lactic acid)), or a vinyl polymer (e.g., polystyrene).

For example, in particular embodiments, a bottlebrush copolymer provided herein is of the following formula:

or salts thereof, wherein each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl; n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; m is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; p is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive; q is an integer between 50 and 100, inclusive; s is an integer between 30 and 70, inclusive; and r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive.

As described herein, the present invention provides new bottlebrush polymers with gyroid morphologies. In certain embodiments, provided herein are bottlebrush polymers of Formula (I):

and salts thereof, wherein:

G^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof;

each of L¹, L², L³, L^(A), and L^(B) is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof:

each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio;

n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive;

A is a polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and

B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da;

wherein the bottlebrush polymer has a gyroid morphology.

For example, in certain embodiments, polymer A is polylactic acid (ALA) and polymer B is polystyrene (PS). For example, in certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer of Formula (I), having a gyroid morphology, is of Formula (I-aa):

or a salt thereof, wherein: each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl; n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; s is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; and r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive.

In another aspect, the present invention also provides methods of preparing bottlebrush polymers and copolymers described herein via polymerization reactions. In certain embodiments, methods for preparing bottlebrush polymers and copolymers described herein comprises polymerization of the macromonomers using ring-opening metathesis (“ROMP”) polymerization.

As described herein, a bottlebrush polymer or diblock bottlebrush copolymer of the present invention may self-assemble to form a structure, such as a photonic crystal.

The present invention also provides uses of bottlebrush polymers and copolymers. For example, the invention provides uses of bottlebrush copolymers and copolymers in a variety of applications, such as photonics (e.g., photonic crystals), functional materials, chromatography media, stimuli-responsive materials, lubricants, nanolithography, films, and coatings. In certain embodiments, the polymers can be used in drug delivery.

The details of certain embodiments of the invention are set forth herein. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the Detailed Description, Figures, Examples, and Claims.

Definitions Chemical Definitions

Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. The chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75^(th) Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5^(th) Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.

Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various stereoisomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and/or diastereomers. For example, the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer. Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience. New York, 1981); Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, E. L. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, N Y, 1962); and Wilen, S. H., Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions, p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame. Ind. 1972). The invention additionally encompasses compounds as individual isomers substantially free of other isomers, and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers.

In a formula,

is a single bond where the stereochemistry of the moieties immediately attached thereto is not specified, - - - is absent or a single bond, and

or

is a single or double bond.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, replacement of ¹⁹F with ¹⁸F, or the replacement of ¹²C with ¹³C or ¹⁴C are within the scope of the disclosure. Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools or probes in biological assays.

When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. For example “C₁₋₆ alkyl” is intended to encompass, C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₁₋₆, C₁₋₅, C₁₋₄, C₁₋₃, C₁₋₂, C₂₋₆, C₂₋₅, C₂₋₄, C₂₋₃, C₃₋₆, C₃₋₅, C₃₋₄, C₄₋₆, C₄₋₅, and C₅₋₆ alkyl.

The term “aliphatic” refers to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and carbocyclic groups. Likewise, the term “heteroaliphatic” refers to heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, and heterocyclic groups.

The term “alkyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₁₀ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₉ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₈ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₇ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₆ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₅ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₄ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₃ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₂ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C₁ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₄ alkyl”). Examples of C₁₋₆ alkyl groups include methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), propyl (C₃) (e.g., n-propyl, isopropyl), butyl (C₄) (e.g., n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl), pentyl (C₅) (e.g., n-pentyl, 3-pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3-methyl-2-butanyl, tertiary amyl), and hexyl (C₆) (e.g., n-hexyl). Additional examples of alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C₇), n-octyl (C₈), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with one or more substituents (e.g., halogen, such as F). In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl (such as unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g., —CH₃ (Me), unsubstituted ethyl (Et), unsubstituted propyl (Pr, e.g., unsubstituted n-propyl (n-Pr), unsubstituted isopropyl (i-Pr)), unsubstituted butyl (Bu. e.g., unsubstituted n-butyl (n-Bu), unsubstituted tert-butyl (tert-Bu or t-Bu), unsubstituted sec-butyl (sec-Bu), unsubstituted isobutyl (i-Bu)). In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is a substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl (such as substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g., —CF₃, Bn).

The term “haloalkyl” is a substituted alkyl group, wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms are independently replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₈ haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₆ haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₄ haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₃ haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₂ haloalkyl”). Examples of haloalkyl groups include —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CF₂CF₂CF₃, —CCl₃, —CFCl₂, —CF₂Cl, and the like.

The term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and/or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. In certain embodiments, a heteroalkyl group refers to a saturated group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₁₋₁₀ alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₁₋₉ alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₁₋₈ alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₁₋₇ alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₁₋₆ alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₁₋₅ alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₁₋₄ alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC₁₋₃ alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC₁₋₂ alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 carbon atom and 1 heteroatom (“heteroC₁₋₃ alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₆ alkyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC₁₋₁₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl group is a substituted heteroC₁₋₁₀ alkyl.

The term “alkenyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 double bonds). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₉ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₄ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₇ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₆ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₅ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₄ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₃ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C₂ alkenyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl). Examples of C₂₋₄ alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C₂), 1-propenyl (C₃), 2-propenyl (C₃), 1-butenyl (C₄), 2-butenyl (C₄), butadienyl (C₄), and the like. Examples of C₂₋₆ alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C₂₋₄ alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C₅), pentadienyl (C₅), hexenyl (C₆), and the like. Additional examples of alkenyl include heptenyl (C₇), octenyl (C₈), octatrienyl (C₈), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is an unsubstituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is a substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl. In an alkenyl group, a C═C double bond for which the stereochemistry is not specified

may be an (E)- or (Z)-double bond.

The term “heteroalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and/or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. In certain embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₉ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₈ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₇ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₆ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₅ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₄ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₃ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₆ alkenyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkenyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl group is a substituted heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkenyl.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 triple bonds) (“C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₉ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₈ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₇ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂, alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₅ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₄ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₃ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C₂ alkynyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl). Examples of C₂₋₄ alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl (C₂), 1-propynyl (C₃), 2-propynyl (C₃), 1-butynyl (C₄), 2-butynyl (C₄), and the like. Examples of C₂₋₆ alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C₂₋₄ alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C₅), hexynyl (C₆), and the like. Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl (C₇), octynyl (C₈), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkynyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is an unsubstituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is a substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl.

The term “heteroalkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and/or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. In certain embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₉ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₈ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₇ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₆ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₅ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₄ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₃ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC₂₋₆ alkynyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkynyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkynyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkynyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkynyl group is a substituted heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkynyl.

The term “carbocyclyl” or “carbocyclic” refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₁₄ carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system. In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₄₋₆ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₅₋₆ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₅₋₁₀ carbocyclyl”). Exemplary C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl (C₃), cyclopropenyl (C₃), cyclobutyl (C₄), cyclobutenyl (C₄), cyclopentyl (C₅), cyclopentenyl (C₅), cyclohexyl (C₆), cyclohexenyl (C₆), cyclohexadienyl (C₆), and the like. Exemplary C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C₇), cycloheptenyl (C₇), cycloheptadienyl (C₇), cycloheptatrienyl (C₇), cyclooctyl (C₈), cyclooctenyl (C₈), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C₇), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C₈), and the like. Exemplary C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C₉), cyclononenyl (C₉), cyclodecyl (C₁₀), cyclodecenyl (C₁₀), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C₉), decahydronaphthalenyl (C₁₀), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C₁₀), and the like. As the foregoing examples illustrate, in certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., containing a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic carbocyclyl”)) and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. “Carbocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted carbocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted carbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is an unsubstituted C₃₋₁₄ carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is a substituted C₃₋₁₄ carbocyclyl.

In some embodiments. “carbocyclyl” is a monocyclic, saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₄₋₆ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₄₋₆ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkyl”). Examples of C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C₅) and cyclohexyl (C₅). Examples of C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C₃) and cyclobutyl (C₄). Examples of C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C₇) and cyclooctyl (C₈). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is an unsubstituted C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is a substituted C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl.

The term “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” refers to a radical of a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“3-14 membered heterocyclyl”). In heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. A heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic heterocyclyl”)), and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. Heterocyclyl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heterocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of heterocyclyl is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heterocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heterocyclyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is an unsubstituted 3-14 membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is a substituted 3-14 membered heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, and thiiranyl. Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, and thietanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxathiolanyl and dithiolanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl. Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl. Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl. Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclyl groups include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzofuranyl, tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydroisochromenyl, decahydronaphthyridinyl, decahydro-1,8-naphthyridinyl, octahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole, indolinyl, phthalimidyl, naphthalimidyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, 1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepinyl, 1,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]pyrrolyl, 5,6-dihydro-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrolyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-furo[3,2-b]pyranyl, 5,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-c]pyranyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, 2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-b]pyridinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrofuro[3,2-c]pyridinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridinyl, and the like.

The term “aryl” refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system (“C₆₋₁₄ aryl”). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₆ aryl”; e.g., phenyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₁₀ aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 14 ring carbon atoms (“C₁₄ aryl”; e.g., anthracyl). “Aryl” also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an aryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl”) or substituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is an unsubstituted C₆₋₁₄ aryl. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is a substituted C₆₋₁₄ aryl.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to a radical of a 5-14 membered monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-14 membered heteroaryl”). In heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heteroaryl” includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused polycyclic (aryl/heteroaryl) ring system. Polycyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like) the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl).

In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroaryl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroaryl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is an unsubstituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is a substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thiophenyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 4 heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 or 4 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively. Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl. Exemplary 5,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl. Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl. Exemplary tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, phenanthridinyl, dibenzofuranyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl and phenazinyl.

The term “unsaturated bond” refers to a double or triple bond.

The term “unsaturated” or “partially unsaturated” refers to a moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond.

The term “saturated” refers to a moiety that does not contain a double or triple bond, i.e., the moiety only contains single bonds.

Affixing the suffix “-ene” to a group indicates the group is a divalent moiety, e.g., alkylene is the divalent moiety of alkyl, alkenylene is the divalent moiety of alkenyl, alkynylene is the divalent moiety of alkynyl, heteroalkylene is the divalent moiety of heteroalkyl, heteroalkenylene is the divalent moiety of heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynylene is the divalent moiety of heteroalkynyl, carbocyclylene is the divalent moiety of carbocyclyl, heterocyclylene is the divalent moiety of heterocyclyl, arylene is the divalent moiety of aryl, heteroarylene is the divalent moiety of heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkylene is the divalent moiety of heteroarylalkyl.

A group is optionally substituted unless expressly provided otherwise. The term “optionally substituted” refers to being substituted or unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted. “Optionally substituted” refers to a group which may be substituted or unsubstituted (e.g., “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkenyl. “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroalkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroalkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroalkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” carbocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heterocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” aryl or “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroaryl group). In general, the term “substituted” means that at least one hydrogen present on a group is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction. Unless otherwise indicated, a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position. The term “substituted” is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, and includes any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound. The present invention contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at a stable compound. For purposes of this invention, heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety. The invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the exemplary substituents described herein.

Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(aa), —ON(R)₂, —N(R^(bb))₂, —N(R^(bb))₃ ⁺X⁻, —N(OR^(cc))R^(bb), —SH, —SR^(aa), —SSR^(cc), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂H, —CHO, —C(OR^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa), —OCO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂. —NR^(bb)C(═O)R^(aa). —NR^(bb)CO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —SO₂N(R^(bb))₂, —SO₂R^(aa), —SO₂OR^(aa), —OSO₂R^(aa), —S(═O)R^(aa), —OS(═O)R^(aa), —Si(R^(aa))₃, —OSi(R^(aa))₃—C(═S)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═S)SR^(aa), —SC(═S)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)SR^(aa), —OC(═O)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)OR^(aa), —SC(═O)R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —OP(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —OP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —P(═O)(N(R^(bb))₂)₂, —OP(═O)(N(R^(bb))₂)₂, —NR^(bb)P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —NR^(bb)P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂. —NR^(bb)P(═O)(N(R^(bb))₂)₂. —P(R^(cc))₂, —P(OR^(cc))₂, —P(R^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —P(OR^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —P(R^(cc))₄, —P(OR^(cc))₄, —OP(R^(cc))₂, —OP(R^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —OP(OR^(cc))₂, —OP(OR^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —OP(R^(cc))₄, —OP(OR^(cc))₄, —B(R^(aa))₂, —B(OR^(cc))₂, —BR^(aa)(OR^(cc)), C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkynyl. C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups; wherein X is a counterion;

or two geminal hydrogens on a carbon atom are replaced with the group ═O, ═S, ═NN(R^(bb))₂, ═NNR^(bb)C(═O)R^(aa), ═NNR^(bb)C(═O)OR^(aa), ═NNR^(bb)S(═O)₂R^(aa), ═NR^(bb), or ═NOR^(cc);

each instance of R^(aa) is, independently, selected from C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(aa) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

each instance of R^(bb) is, independently, selected from hydrogen, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —CN, —C(═O)R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂R^(cc), —SO₂OR^(cc), —SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc), —C(═S)SR^(cc), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —P(═O)(N(R^(cc))₂)₂, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(bb) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups; wherein X⁻ is a counterion;

each instance of R^(cc) is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl. C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkynyl. C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(cc) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

each instance of R^(dd) is, independently, selected from halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(cc), —ON(R^(ff))₂, —N(R^(ff))₂, —N(R^(ff))₃ ⁺X⁻, —N(OR^(ee))R^(ff), —SH, —SR^(ee), —SSR^(ee), —C(═O)R^(ee), —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(ee), —OC(═O)R^(ee), —OCO₂R^(ee), —C(═O)N(R^(ff))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(ff))₂, —NR^(ff)C(═O)R^(ee), —NR^(ff)CO₂R^(ee), —NR^(ff)C(═O)N(R^(ff))₂, —C(═NR^(ff))OR^(ee), —OC(═NR^(ff))R^(ee), —OC(═NR^(ff))OR^(ee), —C(═NR^(ff))N(R^(ee))₂, —OC(═NR^(ff))N(R^(ff))₂, —NR^(ff)C(═NR^(ff))N(R^(ff))₂, —NR^(ff)SO₂R^(ee), —SO₂N(R^(ff))₂, —SO₂R^(ee), —SO₂OR^(ee), —OSO₂R^(ee), —S(═O)R^(ee), —Si(R^(ee))₃, —OSi(R^(ee))₃, —C(═S)N(R^(ff))₂, —C(═O)SR^(ee), —C(═S)SR^(ee), —SC(═S)SR^(ee), —P(═O)(OR^(ee))₂, —P(═O)(R^(ee))₂, —OP(═O)(R^(ee))₂, —OP(═O)OR^(ee))₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₆alkyl, heteroC₂₋₆alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(gg) groups, or two geminal R^(dd) substituents can be joined to form ═O or ═S; wherein X⁻ is a counterion;

each instance of R^(ee) is, independently, selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₆ alkyl, heteroC₂₋₆alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl. C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, and 3-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(gg) groups;

each instance of R^(ff) is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₆alkyl, heteroC₂₋₆alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(ff) groups are joined to form a 3-10 membered heterocyclyl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(gg) groups; and

each instance of R^(gg) is, independently, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —ON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃ ⁺X⁻, —NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂ ⁺X⁻, —NH₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl)⁺X⁻, —NH₃ ⁺X⁻, —N(OC₁₋₆ alkyl)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(OH)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NH(OH), —SH, —SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —SS(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OCO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)C(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —NHC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)NH₂, —C(═NH)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═NH)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═NH)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —C(═NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═NH)NH₂, —OC(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OC(NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(NH)NH₂, —NHC(NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —NHC(═NH)NH₂, —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂. —SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂C₁₋₆ alkyl, —SO₂OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OSO₂C₁₋₆ alkyl, —SOC₁₋₆ alkyl, —Si(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃, —OSi(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃—C(═S)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C(═S)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C(═S)NH₂, —C(═O)S(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═S)SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —SC(═S)SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —P(═O)(OC₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —P(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OP(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OP(═O)(OC₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₆ alkyl, heteroC₂₋₆alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl. C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl; or two geminal R^(gg) substituents can be joined to form ═O or ═S; wherein X⁻ is a counterion.

The term “halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro, —F), chlorine (chloro, —Cl), bromine (bromo, —Br), or iodine (iodo, —I).

The term “hydroxyl” or “hydroxy” refers to the group —OH. The term “substituted hydroxyl” or “substituted hydroxyl,” by extension, refers to a hydroxyl group wherein the oxygen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with a group other than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —OR^(aa), —ON(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)SR^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa), —OCO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —OS(═O)R^(aa), —OSO₂R^(aa), —OSi(R^(aa))₃, —OP(R^(cc))₂, —OP(R^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —OP(OR^(cc))₂, —OP(OR^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —OP(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —OP(═O)OR^(cc))₂, and —OP(═O)(N(R^(bb)))₂, wherein X⁻, R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein.

In certain embodiments, substituents include: halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(aa), —ON(R^(bb))₂, —N(R^(bb))₂, —N(R^(bb))₃ ⁺X⁻, —N(OR^(cc))R^(bb), —SH, —SR^(aa), —SSR^(cc), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂H, —CHO, —C(OR^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa), —OCO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)C(═O)R^(aa), —NR^(bb)CO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(a), —OC(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, C(═O)NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —SO₂N(R^(bb))₂, —SO₂R^(aa), —SO₂OR^(aa), —OSO₂R^(aa), —S(═O)R^(aa), —OS(═O)R^(aa), —Si(R^(aa))₃, —OSi(R^(aa))₃—C(═S)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═S)SR^(aa), —SC(═S)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)SR^(aa), —OC(═O)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)OR^(aa), —SC(═O)R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —OP(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —OP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —P(═O)(N(R^(bb))₂)₂, —OP(═O)(N(R^(bb))₂)₂, —NR^(bb)P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —NR^(bb)P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —NR^(bb)P(═O)(N(R^(bb))₂)₂, —P(R^(cc))₂, —P(OR^(cc))₂, —P(R^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —P(OR^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —P(R^(cc))₄, —P(OR^(cc))₄, —OP(R^(cc))₂, —OP(R^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —OP(OR^(cc))₂, —OP(OR^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —OP(R^(cc))₄, —OP(OR^(cc))₄, —B(R^(aa))₂, —B(OR^(cc))₂, —BR^(aa)(OR^(cc)), C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl; wherein X⁻ is a counterion;

or two geminal hydrogens on a carbon atom are replaced with the group ═O, —S, ═NN(R^(bb))₂, ═NNR^(bb)C(═O)R^(aa), ═NNR^(bb)C(═O)OR^(aa), ═NNR^(bb)S(═O)₂R^(aa), ═NR^(bb), or ═NOR^(cc);

each instance of R^(aa) is, independently, selected from C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(aa) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring;

each instance of R^(bb) is, independently, selected from hydrogen, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —CN, —C(═O)R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂R^(cc), —SO₂OR^(cc), —SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc), —C(═S)SR^(cc), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —P(═O)(N(R^(cc))₂)₂. C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(bb) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring; wherein X⁻ is a counterion; and

each instance of R^(cc) is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(cc) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring.

In certain embodiments, carbon atom substituents include: halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —ON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃ ⁺X⁻, —NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂ ⁺X⁻, —NH₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl)⁺X⁻, —NH₃ ⁺X⁻, —N(OC₁₋₆ alkyl)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(OH)C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NH(OH), —SH, —SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —SS(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OCO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)C(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —NHC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)NH₂, —C(═NH)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═NH)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═NH)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —C(═NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═NH)NH₂, —OC(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OC(═NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═NH)NH₂, —NHC(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —NHC(═NH)NH₂. —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO(C₁₋₆ alkyl). —Si(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃, —OSi(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃-C(═S)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C(═S)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C(═S)NH₂, —C(═O)S(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═S)SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —SC(═S)SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —P(═O)(OC₁₋₆ alkyl)₂. —P(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OP(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OP(═O)(OC₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl. C₂₋₆ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₆ alkyl, heteroC₂₋₆ alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl. 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl; ═O; or ═S; wherein X⁻ is a counterion.

The term “amino” refers to the group —NH₂. The term “substituted amino,” by extension, refers to a monosubstituted amino, a disubstituted amino, or a trisubstituted amino. In certain embodiments, the “substituted amino” is a monosubstituted amino or a disubstituted amino group.

The term “monosubstituted amino” refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with one hydrogen and one group other than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —NH(R^(bb)). —NHC(═O)R^(aa), —NHCO₂R^(aa), —NHC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —NHC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —NHSO₂R^(aa), —NHP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, and —NHP(═O)(N(R^(bb))₂)₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb) and R^(cc) are as defined herein, and wherein R^(bb) of the group —NH(R^(bb)) is not hydrogen.

The term “disubstituted amino” refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with two groups other than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —N(R^(bb))₂, —NR C(═O)R^(aa), —NR^(bb)CO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, and —NR^(bb)P(═O)(N(R^(bb))₂)₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein, with the proviso that the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is not substituted with hydrogen.

The term “trisubstituted amino” refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with three groups, and includes groups selected from —N(R^(bb))₃ and —N(R^(bb))₃ ⁺X⁻, wherein R^(bb) and X⁻ are as defined herein.

The term “acyl” refers to a group having the general formula —C(═O)Rx, —C(═O)OR^(X1), —C(═O)—O—C(═O)R^(X1), —C(═O)SR^(X1), —C(═O)N(R^(X1))₂, —C(═S)R^(X1), —C(═S)N(R^(X1))₂, and —C(═S)S(R^(X1)), —C(═NR^(X1))R^(X1), —C(═NR^(X1))OR^(X1), —C(═NR^(X1))SR^(X1), and —C(═NR^(X1))N(R^(X1))₂, wherein R^(X1) is hydrogen; halogen; substituted or unsubstituted hydroxyl; substituted or unsubstituted thiol; substituted or unsubstituted amino; substituted or unsubstituted acyl, cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic, cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched alkyl; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, aliphaticoxy, heteroaliphaticoxy, alkyloxy, heteroalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aliphaticthioxy, heteroaliphaticthioxy, alkylthioxy, heteroalkylthioxy, arylthioxy, heteroarylthioxy, mono- or di-aliphaticamino, mono- or di-heteroaliphaticamino, mono- or di-alkylamino, mono- or di-heteroalkylamino, mono- or di-arylamino, or mono- or di-heteroarylamino; or two R^(X1) groups taken together form a 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring. Exemplary acyl groups include aldehydes (—CHO), carboxylic acids (—CO₂H), ketones, acyl halides, esters, amides, imines, carbonates, carbamates, and ureas. Acyl substituents include, but are not limited to, any of the substituents described herein, that result in the formation of a stable moiety (e.g., aliphatic, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, oxo, imino, thiooxo, cyano, isocyano, amino, azido, nitro, hydroxyl, thiol, halo, aliphaticamino, heteroaliphaticamino, alkylamino, heteroalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aliphaticoxy, heteroaliphaticoxy, alkyloxy, heteroalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aliphaticthioxy, heteroaliphaticthioxy, alkylthioxy, heteroalkylthioxy, arylthioxy, heteroarylthioxy, acyloxy, and the like, each of which may or may not be further substituted).

The term “carbonyl” refers a group wherein the carbon directly attached to the parent molecule is sp² hybridized, and is substituted with an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom, e.g., a group selected from ketones (—C(═O)R^(aa)), carboxylic acids (—CO₂H), aldehydes (—CHO), esters (—CO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═S)SR^(aa)), amides (—C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(bb))₂), and imines (—C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa)), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂), wherein R^(aa) and R^(bb) are as defined herein.

The term “silyl” refers to the group —Si(R^(aa))₃, wherein R^(aa) is as defined herein.

The term “oxo” refers to the group ═O, and the term “thiooxo” refers to the group ═S.

Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary nitrogen atoms. Exemplary nitrogen atom substituents include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —CN, —C(═O)R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂R^(cc), —SO₂OR^(cc), —SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc), —C(═S)SR^(cc), —P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)(N(R^(cc))₂)₂, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(cc) groups attached to an N atom are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups, and wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), R^(cc) and R^(dd) are as defined above.

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on the nitrogen atom is an nitrogen protecting group (also referred to herein as an “amino protecting group”). Nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —OH. —OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)R^(aa), C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂R^(cc), —SO₂OR^(cc), —SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc), —C(═S)SR^(cc), C₁₋₁₀ alkyl (e.g., aralkyl, heteroaralkyl). C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroC₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, heteroC₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl groups, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups, and wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), R^(cc) and R^(dd) are as defined herein. Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

For example, nitrogen protecting groups such as amide groups (e.g., —C(═O)R^(aa)) include, but are not limited to, formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide, (N′-dithiobenzyloxyacylamino)acetamide, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-(o-nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethionine derivative, o-nitrobenzamide and o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide.

Nitrogen protecting groups such as carbamate groups (e.g., —C(═O)OR^(aa)) include, but are not limited to, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(l 0,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl carbamate (DB-t-BOC), 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (TCBOC), 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate (Bpoc), 1-(3,5-di-t-butvlphenyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (t-Bumeoc), 2-(2′- and 4′-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate (Pvoc), 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl carbamate, t-butyl carbamate (BOC or Boc), 1-adamantyl carbamate (Adoc), vinyl carbamate (Voc), allyl carbamate (Alloc), 1-isopropylallyl carbamate (Ipaoc), cinnamyl carbamate (Coc), 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc), 8-quinolyl carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyldithio carbamate, benzyl carbamate (Cbz), p-methoxybenzyl carbamate (Moz), p-nitobenzyl carbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzyl carbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzl carbamate, 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl carbamate (Msz), 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl carbamate, 2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl carbamate, 2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, [2-(1,3-dithianyl)]methyl carbamate (Dmoc), 4-methylthiophenyl carbamate (Mtpc), 2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc), 2-phosphonioethyl carbamate (Peoc), 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl carbamate (Ppoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate, m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate, p-(dihydroxyboryl)benzyl carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate, 2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc), m-nitrophenyl carbamate, 35-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate, o-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate, phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl carbamate, t-amyl carbamate, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzl carbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate, cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentyl carbamate, cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate, 2,2-dimethoxacylvinyl carbamate, o-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate, 2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl carbamate, isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate, p-(p′-methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclohexyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate, p-(phenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl carbamate, 4-(trimethylammonium)benzyl carbamate, and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl carbamate.

Nitrogen protecting groups such as sulfonamide groups (e.g., —S(═O)₂R^(aa)) include, but are not limited to, p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide, 2,3,6-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr), 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb), 2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte), 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide (Ms), β-trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES), 9-anthracenesulfonamide, 4-(4′,8′-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide (DNMBS), benzylsulfonamide, trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and phenacylsulfonamide.

Other nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, phenothiazinyl-(10)-acyl derivative, N′-p-toluenesulfonylaminoacyl derivative, N′-phenylaminothioacyl derivative, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N-acetylmethionine derivative, 4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts), N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5-dimethylpvrrole, N-, 1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE), 5-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted 1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone. N-methylamine, N-allylamine, N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylamine (SEM). N-3-acetoxypropylamine. N-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyroolin-3-yl)amine, quaternary ammonium salts, N-benzylamine, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)methylamine, N-5-dibenzosuberylamine, N-triphenylmethylamine (Tr), N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl]amine (MMTr), N-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF), N-2,7-dichloro-9-fluorenylmethyleneamine, N-ferrocenylmethylamino (Fcm), N-2-picolylamino N′-oxide, N-1,1-dimethylthiomethyleneamine, N-benzylideneamine. N-p-methoxybenzylideneamine, N-diphenylmethyleneamine, N-[(2-pyridyl)mesityl]methyleneamine, N—(N′,N′-dimethylaminomethylene)amine, N,N′-isopropylidenediamine, N-p-nitrobenzylideneamine, N-salicylideneamine, N-5-chlorosalicylideneamine, N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyleneamine, N-cyclohexylideneamine, N-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl)amine, N-borane derivative, N-diphenylborinic acid derivative, N-[phenyl(pentaacylchromium- or tungsten)acyl]amine, N-copper chelate, N-zinc chelate, N-nitroamine, N-nitrosoamine, amine N-oxide, diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp), dimethylthiophosphinamide (Mpt), diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt), dialkyl phosphoramidates, dibenzyl phosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphoramidate, benzenesulfenamide, o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide (Nps), 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide, pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide, triphenylmethylsulfenamide, and 3-nitropyridinesulfenamide (Npys).

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on an oxygen atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to herein as an “hydroxyl protecting group”). Oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —R^(aa), —N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂R^(aa), —C(O)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa)C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —S(═O)R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —Si(R^(aa))₃, —P(R^(cc))², —P(R^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —P(OR^(cc))₂, —P(OR^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)OR^(cc))₂, and —P(═O)(N(R^(bb))₂)₂, wherein X⁻, R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein. Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

Exemplary oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), t-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM), p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM), guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM), siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethvl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxyv)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxvcyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MTHP), 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl S,S-dioxide, 1-[(2-chloro-4-methyl)phenyl]-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl (CTMP), 1,4-dioxan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzofuran-2-yl, 1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, benzyl (Bn), p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, p-phenylbenzyl, 2-picolyl, 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl N-oxido, diphenylmethyl, p,p′-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl, α-naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4′-bromophenacyloxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimidophenvl)methyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(levulinoyloxyphenvl)methyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 3-(imidazol-1-yl)bis(4′,4″-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl, 1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1′-pyrenylmethyl, 9-anthryl, 9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-phenyl-10-oxo)anthrvl, 1,3-benzodithiolan-2-yl, benzisothiazolyl S,S-dioxido, trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), dimethylisopropylsilyl (IPDMS), diethylisopropylsilyl (DEIPS), dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl (DPMS), t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl (TBMPS), formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate (levulinate), 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate (levulinoyldithioacetal), pivaloate, adamantoate, crotonate, 4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate (mesitoate), methyl carbonate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate (Fmoc), ethyl carbonate, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (Troc), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbonate (TMSEC), 2-(phenylsulfonyl) ethyl carbonate (Psec), 2-(triphenylphosphonio) ethyl carbonate (Peoc), isobutyl carbonate, vinyl carbonate, allyl carbonate, t-butyl carbonate (BOC or Boc), p-nitrophenyl carbonate, benzyl carbonate, p-methoxybenzyl carbonate, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl carbonate, o-nitrobenzyl carbonate, p-nitrobenzyl carbonate, S-benzyl thiocarbonate, 4-ethoxy-1-napththyl carbonate, methyl dithiocarbonate, 2-iodobenzoate, 4-azidobutyrate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate, o-(dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2-formylbenzenesulfonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl, 4-(methylthiomethoxy)butyrate, 2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate, 2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxyacetate, 2,6-dichloro-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate, isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate, o-(methoxyacyl)benzoate, α-naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, alkyl N-phenylcarbamate, borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, alkyl 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate, sulfate, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate (Ts).

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a sulfur atom is a sulfur protecting group (also referred to as a “thiol protecting group”). Sulfur protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —R^(aa), —N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —S(═O)R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —Si(R^(aa))₃, —P(R^(cc))₂, —P(R^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —P(OR^(cc))₂, —P(OR^(cc))₃ ⁺X⁻, —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, and —P(═O)(N(R^(bb))₂)₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein. Sulfur protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

A “counterion” or “anionic counterion” is a negatively charged group associated with a positively charged group in order to maintain electronic neutrality. An anionic counterion may be monovalent (i.e., including one formal negative charge). An anionic counterion may also be multivalent (i.e., including more than one formal negative charge), such as divalent or trivalent. Exemplary counterions include halide ions (e.g., F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻), NO₃ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, OH⁻, H₂PO₄ ⁻, HCO₃ ⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 10-camphor sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-5-sulfonate, ethan-1-sulfonic acid-2-sulfonate, and the like), carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate, glycolate, gluconate, and the like), BF₄ ⁻, PF₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, AsF₆ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, B[3,5-(CF₃)₂C₆H₃]₄ ⁻, B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻, BPh₄ ⁻, Al(OC(CF₃)₃)₄ ⁻, and carborane anions (e.g., CB₁₁H₁₂ ⁻ or (HCB₁₁Me₅Br₆)⁻). Exemplary counterions which may be multivalent include CO₃ ²⁻, HPO₄ ²⁻, PO₄ ³⁻, B₄O₇ ²⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, S₂O₃ ²⁻, carboxylate anions (e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, malonate, gluconate, succinate, glutarate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, salicylate, phthalates, aspartate, glutamate, and the like), and carboranes.

As used herein, a “leaving group” (LG) is an art-understood term referring to a molecular fragment that departs with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond cleavage, wherein the molecular fragment is an anion or neutral molecule. As used herein, a leaving group can be an atom or a group capable of being displaced by a nucleophile. See, for example, Smith, March Advanced Organic Chemistry 6th ed. (501-502). Exemplary leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halo (e.g., chloro, bromo, iodo) and activated substituted hydroxyl groups (e.g., —OC(═O)SR^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa), —OCO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —OS(═O)R^(aa), —OSO₂R^(aa), —OP(R^(cc))₂, —OP(R^(cc))₃, —OP(═O)₂R^(aa), —OP(═O)(R^(cc))₂, —OP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —OP(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, and —OP(═O)(NR^(bb)), wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein).

As used herein, use of the phrase “at least one instance” refers to 1, 2, 3, 4, or more instances, but also encompasses a range, e.g., for example, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 3, or from 3 to 4 instances, inclusive.

These and other exemplary substituents are described in more detail in the Detailed Description, Examples, and Claims. The invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the above exemplary listing of substituents.

Other Definitions

The following definitions are more general terms used throughout the present application.

The term “polymer” refers to a molecule including two or more (e.g., 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 10 or more) repeating units which are covalently bound together. In certain embodiments, a polymer comprises 3 or more, 5 or more, 10 or more, 50 or more, 100 or more, 1000 or more, 2000 or more, or 4000 or more repeating units. In certain embodiments, a polymer comprises more than 4000 repeating units. The repeating units of a polymer are referred to as “monomers.” A “homopolymer” is a polymer that consists of a single repeating monomer. A “copolymer” is a polymer that comprises two or more different monomer subunits. Copolymers include, but are not limited to, random, block, alternating, segmented, linear, branched, grafted, and tapered copolymers. Polymers may be natural (e.g., naturally occurring polypeptides), or synthetic (e.g., non-naturally occurring). A polymer may have an overall molecular weight of 50 Da or greater, 100 Da or greater, 500 Da or greater, 1000 Da or greater, 2000 Da or greater, 5000 Da or greater, 10000 Da or greater, 20000 Da or greater, or 50000 Da or greater.

“Block copolymers” are copolymers comprising homopolymer subunits (i.e., “blocks”) covalently linked together. The blocks of a block copolymer are separated into distinct domains. A “diblock copolymer” is a block copolymer comprising two distinct homopolymer domains. A “diblock bottlebrush copolymer” is a block copolymer comprising two distinct homopolymer domains. A “triblock bottlebrush copolymer” is a block copolymer comprising three distinct homopolymer domains. A “tetrablock bottlebrush copolymer” is a block copolymer comprising four distinct homopolymer domains. Each distinct homopolymer domain of a block copolymer is of a different polymeric composition (e.g., comprising different repeating monomers). A diblock bottlebrush copolymer can be an “AB diblock bottlebrush copolymer,” defined as a copolymer comprising two blocks (Block A and Block B), each of which is a distinct homopolymer domain with a different monomeric subunit. A diblock bottlebrush copolymer can be an “ABC diblock bottlebrush copolymer,” defined as a copolymer comprising three blocks (Block A, Block B, and Block C), each of which is a distinct homopolymer domain with a different monomeric subunit. A tetrablock bottlebrush copolymer can be an “ABCD tetrablock bottlebrush copolymer,” defined as a copolymer comprising four blocks (Block A, Block B, Block C, and Block D), each of which is a distinct homopolymer domain with a different monomeric subunit.

The terms “bottlebrush polymer” or “polymer brush” refer to a polymer comprising a polymeric backbone of repeating units, wherein the repeating units of the polymeric backbone are covalently linked to polymeric sidechains. In certain embodiments, each repeating unit of the polymeric backbone is linked to a polymeric sidechain. In certain embodiments, two polymeric sidechains, wherein the polymeric sidechains are the same or different, are connected to the backbone repeating unit at a branching point through a linker. In embodiments where two different polymeric sidechains are connected to the backbone repeating unit at a branching point through a linker, the bottlebrush copolymer may be referred to as an “A-branch-B bottlebrush copolymer” or a “Janus bottlebrush polymer.” In bottlebrush copolymers, the entire polymeric backbone may be composed of a single repeating backbone unit, and the blocks of the copolymer are defined by the composition of the polymeric sidechains. For example, in an AB diblock bottlebrush copolymer, the polymeric backbone may be composed of a single unit that repeats throughout the entire backbone of the polymer, and each of Block A and Block B of the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprise polymeric sidechains of a different polymeric composition (e.g., comprised of different monomers). In other embodiments, a bottlebrush copolymer comprises more than one monomeric subunit in its polymeric backbone. The polymeric sidechains of a bottlebrush polymer or copolymer can be homopolymers or copolymers, and can have linear or branched architectures.

The terms “number average molecular weight,” “number average molar mass,” and “M_(n)” are measurements of the molecular mass of a polymer. The number average molecular mass is the ordinary arithmetic mean or average of the molecular masses of the individual polymers. It is determined by measuring the molecular mass of n polymer molecules, summing the masses, and dividing by n. For example, a polymer having 100 repeating units of a monomer with a molecular weight of 100 g/mol would have a number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of 10,000 g/mol [Mn=(100)*(100 g/mol)/(1)=10,000 g/mol)]. The number average molecular mass of a polymer can be determined by gel permeation chromatography, viscometry via the Mark-Houwink equation, colligative methods such as vapor pressure osmometry, end-group determination, or ¹H NMR.

The term “gyroid” refers to an infinitely connected triply periodic minimal surface (e.g. FIG. 5A). In the polymer phase diagram, the gyroid phase is between the lamellar and cylindrical phases. Gyroid structures have photonic band gaps that make them potential photonic crystals. Self-assembled gyroid structures are found in certain block copolymers and are useful in applications such as supercapacitors, solar cells, and nanoporous membranes.

The term “hexagonal cylinder” refers to a structure where cylinders are vertically aligned on a 2D plane in a hexagonal arrangement. The cylindrical morphology of block copolymers has been employed for high-density storage applications and may provide a low-cost alternative to challenging lithographic techniques.

The term “lamellar” refers to a 1D structure where two or more chemically distinct sheets alternate along one axis. Selective removal of a polymer block leads to the formation of nanosheets. The lamellar phase occupies the widest area in a diblock copolymer phase diagram.

The term “photonic crystal” or “photonic band-gap material” refers to periodic dielectric structures (e.g., optical nanostructures) that have a band gap forbidding propagation of a certain frequency range of light. This property enables control of light with facility and production of effects that may not be possible with conventional optics. One dimensional photonic crystals are useful in thin-film optics (e.g., low and high reflection coatings on lenses and mirrors to color changing paints and inks). Two dimensional photonic crystals may be found in the form of photonic-crystal fibers, which use a microscale structure to confine light with radically different characteristics compared to conventional optical fiber for applications in nonlinear devices and guiding exotic wavelengths. Three dimensional photonic crystals may provide optical nonlinearity required for the operation of optical transistors used in optical computers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

FIG. 1A shows graft-through polymerization methods for traditional diblock BBCPs. FIG. 1B shows graft-through polymerization methods for core-shell BBCPs. FIG. 1C shows graft-through polymerization methods for A-branch-B BBCPs.

FIG. 2 includes Scheme 1, the synthesis of pseudo-alternating BBCPs.

FIG. 3 shows one-dimensional SAXS profiles of PS-branch-PDMS BBCPs containing different PS/PDMS volume fractions.

FIGS. 4A to 4D show top-view SEM images of the self-assembled morphology after etching of drop-cast bulk film of (PS-15.3k-branch-PDMS-5k)30 (FIG. 4A); spin-cast 28 nm thin film (FIG. 4B); 50 nm film treated with solvent annealing (FIG. 4C); and 50 nm film treated with thermal annealing (FIG. 4D). Scale bars are 100 nm.

FIG. 5A shows SAXS profiles of PDMS-5k-branch-PtBA-3.6k BMM and BBCPs. FIG. 5B shows a SCFT simulation of A-branch-B BBCP gyroid. The color scale represents the density of A blocks. B blocks are transparent for clarity.

FIG. 6A shows SAXS profiles of PS 4.6k-branch-PtBA 4.6k BMM and BBCPs. FIG. 6B shows the plot of χN and sidechain length (L₀) vs backbone DP. Increasing backbone DP leads to stretching of the sidechains, and facilitates phase separation.

FIG. 7 shows representative AFM images of (PDMS-5k-branch-PS-3.3k)₂₅.

FIG. 8 shows phase plots as a function of the total volume fraction f_(A) and m=4, at χ_(AB)N=12 and χ_(AB)N=17. The low χ_(AB)N show defective bicontinuous morphologies for f_(A)<0.44. Gyroid structure is observed f_(A)=0.44-0.46 after which lamellar structure is formed. The bicontinuous structures are suppressed at high χ_(AB)N where the structure goes from cylinders to lamellae at f_(A)˜0.36.

FIG. 9 shows √<R²> vs. DP (m) for BBCP normal and parallel to the interface. Root mean square end-to-end distance of the backbone chain C as a function of the number of backbone segments m. The chain size normal to the interface rapidly reaches a plateau determining the interface width. However, parallel to interface, the chain size continuously increases as m grows. The curve accurately follows √<R²>˜N^(0.54). This shows that the backbone chain is slightly stretched due the large density packing of the AB side chains.

FIG. 10 shows the normalized density of block A (ϕ_(A)) for a lamella forming structure as a function of the normalized width of the system. The degree of segregation rises sharply as the number of side-chains increase till m=9. After which it reaches a plateau at ˜96%.

FIG. 11 shows the probability distribution of finding the end of the last segment of backbone. Concentric ovals are the probability distribution of finding the end of the last segment of the backbone chain C mapped for m=4 (top) and m=29 (bottom). The chains extend along the interface while maintaining the confinement normal to the interface. The spread of probability distribution is estimated to a fitted Gaussian (see inset).

FIG. 12 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of PS—Br.

FIG. 13 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of PS—N3.

FIG. 14 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of Nb—PS-branch-PDMS macromonomers.

FIG. 15 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of (PS-2.3k-branch-PDMS-5k)_(n).

FIG. 16 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of (PS-3.3k-branch-PDMS-5k)_(n).

FIG. 17 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of (PS4.6k-branch-PDMS5k)_(n).

FIG. 18 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of (PS-6.4k-branch-PDMS-5k)_(n).

FIG. 19 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of (PS-8.2k-branch-PDMS-5k)_(n).

FIG. 20 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of (PS-9.2k-branch-PDMS-5k)_(n).

FIG. 21 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of (PS-10.3k-branch-PDMS-5k)_(n).

FIG. 22 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of (PS-15.3k-branch-PDMS-5k)_(n).

FIG. 23 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of of PtBA-N₃.

FIG. 24 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of (PtBA-3.6k-branch-PDMS-5k)_(n).

FIG. 25 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of starting materials and intermediates for 3.

FIG. 26 shows differential refractive index GPC traces of (PS-4.6k-branch-PtBA-4.6k)_(n).

FIG. 27 shows that BBCP containing monodisperse PLA and PDMS with molecular weight of 1000 were synthesized. A ultra-small d-spacing of 5.68 nm. i.e., 2.84 nm single phase domain size, was observed in the long range ordered phase separation of PLA₈-branch-PDMS 1000 BBCP. Subscript stands for the degree of polymerization (DP) of a monodisperse sidechain polymer. SAXS patterns of BBCP containing PDMS 1000 and PLA₁₂ sidechains (left) and PDMS 1000 and PLA₈ sidechains (right). (DP) in the plots are the DP of a backbone; the broad peaks around q˜0.4 Å⁻¹ originate from Kapton tape used to hold liquid samples.

FIG. 28 shows 1D SAXS profile for (PS4.7k-br-PLA3.8k)_(n). This polymer exhibited gyroid morphology with d=13.6 nm.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

Provided herein are bottlebrush polymers and bottlebrush copolymers. The bottlebrush polymers and copolymers may comprise multiple polymeric sidechains that, in part, confer certain unexpected and advantageous properties. For example, when the repeating unit of the bottlebrush polymer backbone is linked to two different polymeric sidechains (e.g., polysiloxane and polyacrylate sidechains), the bottlebrush polymers are capable of self-assembly into structures that have a gyroid morphology. Accordingly, the pseudo-alternating bottlebrush polymer structure provides several unique advantages in the context of bottlebrush polymer assembly, including access to the first examples of gyroid phases. In other embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers are capable of self-assembly into structures that have a hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In other embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers are capable of self-assembly into structures that have a lamellar morphology. In other embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers are capable of self-assembly into structures that have a spherical morphology.

The bottlebrush polymers and copolymers may be capable of self-assembling into useful materials, such as photonic crystals. In other embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers may be chemically manipulated to provide useful materials, such as nanofiltration devices. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides self-assembled materials comprising the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers described herein. Also provided are methods of preparing the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers and self-assembled materials comprising the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers.

Bottlebrush Polymers

One aspect of the present disclosure relates to bottlebrush polymers. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise a backbone of repeating units covalently linked to polymeric sidechains, wherein the polymer is capable of self-assembling into structures having a hexagonal cylindrical or gyroid morphology. In some embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers are capable of self-assembling into structures having a hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In some embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers are capable of self-assembling into structures having a gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers provided herein have the same backbone repeating units, meaning that the polymer sidechains covalently linked to the repeating units of the backbone are the same for each repeating unit. In certain embodiments, the repeating units may be covalently linked to more than one polymeric sidechain. For example, in certain embodiments, the polymeric sidechains may be connected to the backbone repeating unit through a linker that branches such that two polymeric sidechains are connected through the same linker. In some embodiments, the branched linker connects the backbone repeating unit to two or more polymeric sidechains that are each of a different polymer class. In certain embodiments, at least one polymeric sidechain is a polysiloxane. In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Further, the polymeric sidechains may be of the same or different lengths, and/or of the same or different molecular weights.

In embodiments where two different polymeric sidechains are connected to the backbone repeating unit at a branching point through a linker, the bottlebrush copolymer may be referred to as an “A-branch-B bottlebrush copolymer” or a “Janus bottlebrush polymer.”

The bottlebrush polymers provided herein comprise a backbone of repeating units (“backbone units”). In some embodiments, the repeating backbone units are the same throughout the polymer. In other embodiments, the polymer may comprise two or more blocks of different repeating backbone units. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 1 to 4000 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 2 to 4000 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 2 to 2000 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 2 to 1000 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 2 to 500 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 2 to 200) repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 2 to 100 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 5 to 1(0) repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 10 to 100 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 25 to 100 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 10 to 50 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 25 to 50 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 10, 25, 50, or 100 repeating backbone units. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 10 repeating backbone units. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 25 repeating backbone units. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 50 repeating backbone units. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers comprise 100 repeating backbone units. In certain embodiments, each repeating backbone unit of the bottlebrush polymer is covalently linked to a polymeric sidechain. In certain embodiments, each repeating backbone unit of the bottlebrush polymer is covalently linked to two polymeric sidechains. In certain embodiments, each repeating backbone unit of the bottlebrush polymer is covalently linked to two polymeric sidechains that are connected to the repeating backbone unit through the same linker. In certain embodiments, some but not all repeating backbone units are covalently linked to polymeric sidechains.

The backbone units may be derived from polymerization of a monomer including, but not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted norbomene, olefin, cyclic olefin, norbomene anhydride, cyclooctene, cyclopentadiene, styrene, or acrylate. In other embodiments, the repeating backbone units are derived from monomers not listed here. Some backbone units useful in the present disclosure may be obtained from a ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reaction.

The polymer sidechains of the bottlebrush polymer may comprise any polymer. Examples of classes of polymers include, but are not limited to, vinyl polymers (e.g., polystyrene), polyethylenes (e.g., polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene), polypropylenes, polyacetylenes, polyethers (e.g., polyethylene glycol, polyoxymethylene, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, poly(ethyl ethylene) phosphate, poly(oxazoline)), polyamines, polyesters (e.g., polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polycaprolactone, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyhydroxybutryate, polyethylene adipate, polybutylene succinate, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy valerate), polysilanes, polysiloxanes (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane), polyacrylates (e.g., polymethacrylate, poly(n-butyl acrylate), poly(tert-butyl acrylate)), polylactides (e.g., polylactic acid), polyamino acids, polypeptides, polyamides, polyacrylamides (e.g., polymethylacrylamide), and polysaccharides. The polymer sidechains may be homopolymers or copolymers. The polymer sidechains may be linear or branched. In certain embodiments, the polymer sidechains are linear. In certain embodiments, the polymer sidechains are branched.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polyether, polyester, polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, polysiloxane, or vinyl polymer sidechains, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polyester, polyacrylate, or vinyl polymer sidechains, or a combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polyester sidechains. Examples of polyesters include, but are not limited to, polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutryate (PHB), polyethylene adipate (PEA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), or poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polylactic acid (PLA) sidechains.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polyether sidechains. Examples of polyethers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyoxymethylene (POM), polypropylene glycol (PPG), polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG), poly(ethyl ethylene) phosphate (PEEP), and poly(oxazoline). In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG) sidechains.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polysiloxane sidechains. In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polydimethylsiloxane sidechains.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises vinyl polymer sidechains. Examples of vinyl polymers include, but are not limited to, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacrylonitrile. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polystyrene sidechains.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polyacrylate sidechains. Examples of polyacrylates include, but are not limited to, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate), and poly(tert-butyl acrylate). In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises poly(tert-butyl acrylate) sidechains.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polysiloxane sidechains and vinyl polymer sidechains. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polydimethylsiloxane sidechains and polystyrene sidechains. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polysiloxane sidechains and polyacrylate sidechains. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polydimethylsiloxane sidechains and poly(tert-butyl acrylate) sidechains. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polysiloxane sidechains and polyester sidechains. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer comprises polydimethylsiloxane sidechains and poly(lactic acid) sidechains.

The polymer sidechains may be of any molecular weight. In certain embodiments, the polymer sidechains each independently have a number average molecular weight ranging from about 50 to about 10000 Da, about 100 to about 10000 Da, about 500 to about 10000 Da, about 1000 to about 10000 Da, about 2000 to about 10000 Da, about 2000 to about 7000 Da, about 2000 to about 4000 Da, about 3000 to about 4000) Da. or about 4000 to about 6000 Da; each range being inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer is of Formula (I):

or salts thereof, wherein:

G^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof:

each of L¹, L², L³, L^(A), and L^(B) is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof;

each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio;

n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive;

A is a polysiloxane having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and

B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da.

As described herein, in certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer may have a gyroidal or hexagonal cylindrical morphology.

In certain embodiments, G^(A) is optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is optionally substituted carbocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is optionally substituted heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) comprises optionally substituted 5-membered carbocyclylene or 5-membered heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) comprises optionally substituted cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, tetrahydrofuranylene, tetrahydrothiophenylene, or pyrrolidinylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is optionally substituted bicyclic heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is substituted bicyclic heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is of the following formula:

wherein X^(A) is —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —O—, or —S—; and A^(R) is optionally substituted carbocyclyl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is of the following formula:

wherein A^(R) is optionally substituted carbocyclyl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is of the following formula:

wherein X^(A) is —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —O—, or —S—. In certain embodiments. G^(A) is of the following formula:

In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is optionally substituted alkynylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is optionally substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is unsubstituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L¹ is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments. L¹ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ is optionally substituted alkynylene. In certain embodiments. L¹ is optionally substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L¹ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L¹ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L³ is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is optionally substituted alkynylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is optionally substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L³ substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is unsubstituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments. L^(A) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxo (═O) group. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) comprises a triazole. In certain embodiments, L^(A) comprises a group of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxo (═O) group. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) comprises a triazole. In certain embodiments, L^(B) comprises a group of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted heteroalkylene; L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylene; and L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; and L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted heteroalkylene; L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene; and L^(B) is substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments. L² is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene; L^(A) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene; and L^(B) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene.

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

and LB is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 5 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer is between 50 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 100 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1000 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2000 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 25 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 25 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is about 10, about 25, about 50, or about 100. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 10, about 25, about 50, or about 100. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 25 or about 50. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 10. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 25. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 50. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 100. In certain embodiments, n is the same as the degree of polymerization of the polymer.

In certain embodiments, each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, T¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is halogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T² is halogen. In certain embodiments. T² is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted aryl.

In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, both T¹ and T² are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted aryl, and T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is phenyl, and T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted aryl, and T¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments. T² is phenyl, and T¹ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, A is a polysiloxane and B is a different polymer. In certain embodiments, A is a polysiloxane having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20.000 Da; and B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da.

In certain embodiments, A is a polysiloxane. In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane is of the formula:

wherein:

R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkoxy:

R² is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkoxy; and

q is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R² is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments. R² is unsubstituted C₁₋₂₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R² is n-butyl.

In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 30 and 80, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 50 and 80, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 60 and 70, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R² is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R² is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R¹ is methyl; R² is n-butyl; and q is an integer between 50 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments. R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, and the polysiloxane has a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or about 4,000 Da to about 6,000 Da. or about 4,500 Da to about 5,500 Da.

In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or about 4,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or about 4,500 Da to about 5,500 Da.

In certain embodiments, B is a polyether, a polyester, a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, or a vinyl polymer. The polyacrylate may be any polyester described herein. The polyester may be any polyester described herein. The polyether may be any polyether described herein. The polyacrylamide may be any polyacrylamide described herein. Additionally, the vinyl polymer may be any vinyl polymer described herein.

In certain embodiments, B is a polyether selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyoxymethylene (POM), polypropylene glycol (PPG), polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG), poly(ethyl ethylene) phosphate (PEEP), and poly(oxazoline). In certain embodiments, B is polyethylene glycol (PEG). In certain embodiments. B is a polyester. In certain embodiments, B is a polyester selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutryate (PHB), polyethylene adipate (PEA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). In certain embodiments, B is polylactic acid (PLA). In certain embodiments, B is polyglycolic acid (PGA) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). In certain embodiments, B is a polyacrylamide. In certain embodiments, B is a poly(N-alkylacrylamide). In certain embodiments, B is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). In certain embodiments, B is a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, B is a vinyl polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacrylonitrile. In certain embodiments, B is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, B is a polyacrylate. In certain embodiments, B is a polyacrylate selected from the group consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate), and poly(tert-butyl acrylate). In certain embodiments, B is poly(tert-butyl acrylate).

In certain embodiments, B is a vinyl polymer of the following formula:

wherein:

R³ is optionally substituted alkyl, halogen, hydrogen, cyano, OR^(a), optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁴ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl:

R^(a) is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

r is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R³ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is cyano. In certain embodiments, R³ is halogen. In certain embodiments, R³ is OR^(a), wherein R^(a) is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments. R³ is unsubstituted phenyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments. R⁴ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with an ester group.

In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 30 and 40, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted aryl; R⁴ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted aryl; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted phenyl; R⁴ is substituted C₁0.6 alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 10,000 Da to about 15,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 7.000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 8,000 Da to about 9,500 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 7,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 4,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 3.000 Da, or about 2,500 Da to about 3,600 Da.

In certain embodiments. B is a polyacrylate of the following formula:

wherein:

R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl, hydrogen, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁶ is optionally substituted alkyl, hydrogen, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁷ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

p is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is tert-butyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments. R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with an ester group.

In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 25 and 35, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁷ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and p is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁷ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and p is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is tert-butyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and p is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 10,000 Da to about 15,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 7,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 8,000 Da to about 9,500 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 7,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 4,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 3,000 Da, or about 2,500 Da to about 3,600 Da.

In certain embodiments, B is a polyester of the following formula:

wherein:

R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted acyl;

R⁹ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; and

s is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments. R⁸ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments. R⁸ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted heteroaryl In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments. R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments. R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁹ hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments. R⁹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is an oxygen protecting group.

In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 200, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, B is a polyether of the following formula:

wherein:

R¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; and

t is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

As generally defined herein, t is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 200, inclusive. In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments. B is a polyacrylamide group of the following formula:

wherein:

each instance of R^(N) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or a nitrogen protecting group; or optionally two R^(N) on the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl:

R¹¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted hydroxyl, or optionally substituted thiol; and

u is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, each instance of R^(N) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or a nitrogen protecting group; or optionally two R^(N) on the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R^(N) on the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is iso-propyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted hydroxyl, or optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is halogen. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is —CN. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, R^(C) is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 200, inclusive. In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-a):

or salts thereof, wherein:

each of L², L^(A), and L^(B) is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof;

each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio;

n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive;

A is a polysiloxane having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and

B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1.000 Da to about 20,000 Da.

In certain embodiments, L² is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments. L^(A) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxo (═O) group. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) comprises a triazole. In certain embodiments, L^(A) comprises a group of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments. L^(B) is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments. L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxo (═O) group. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) comprises a triazole. In certain embodiments, L^(B) comprises a group of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted heteroalkylene; L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylene; and L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; and L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted heteroalkylene; L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene; and L^(B) is substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene; L^(A) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene; and L^(B) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene.

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 5 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer is between 50 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 100 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1000 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2000 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 25 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 25 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is about 10, about 25, about 50, or about 100. In certain embodiments, n is 10, 25, 50, or 100. In certain embodiments, n is 25 or 50. In certain embodiments, n is 10. In certain embodiments, n is 25. In certain embodiments, n is 50. In certain embodiments, n is 100.

In certain embodiments, each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, T¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is halogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T² is halogen. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments. T² is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, both T¹ and T² are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted aryl, and T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is phenyl, and T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted aryl, and T¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T² is phenyl, and T¹ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, A is a polysiloxane and B is a different polymer. In certain embodiments, A is a polysiloxane having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20.000 Da; and B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da.

In certain embodiments, A is a polysiloxane. In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane is of the formula:

wherein:

R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkoxy;

R² is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkoxy; and

q is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, and the polysiloxane has a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or about 4,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or about 4,500 Da to about 5,500 Da.

In certain embodiments, R² is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments. R² is unsubstituted C₁₋₂₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R² is n-butyl.

In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 30 and 80, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 50 and 80, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 60 and 70, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R² is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R² is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R¹ is methyl; R² is n-butyl; and q is an integer between 50 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, and the polysiloxane has a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or about 4,000 Da to about 6,000 Da. or about 4,500 Da to about 5,500 Da.

In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, about 4,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or about 4,500 Da to about 5,500 Da.

In certain embodiments, B is a polyether, a polyester, a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, or a vinyl polymer. The polyacrylate may be any polyester described herein. The polyester may be any polyester described herein. The polyether may be any polyether described herein. The polyacrylamide may be any polyacrylamide described herein. Additionally, the vinyl polymer may be any vinyl polymer described herein.

In certain embodiments, B is a polyether selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyoxymethylene (POM), polypropylene glycol (PPG), polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG), poly(ethyl ethylene) phosphate (PEEP), and poly(oxazoline). In certain embodiments, B is polyethylene glycol (PEG). In certain embodiments. B is a polyester. In certain embodiments, B is a polyester selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutryate (PHB), polyethylene adipate (PEA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). In certain embodiments, B is polylactic acid (PLA). In certain embodiments, B is polyglycolic acid (PGA) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). In certain embodiments. B is a polyacrylamide. In certain embodiments, B is a poly(N-alkylacrylamide). In certain embodiments, B is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). In certain embodiments, B is a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, B is a vinyl polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacrylonitrile. In certain embodiments, B is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, B is a polyacrylate. In certain embodiments, B is a polyacrylate selected from the group consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate), and poly(tert-butyl acrylate). In certain embodiments. B is poly(tert-butyl acrylate).

In certain embodiments, B is a vinyl polymer of the following formula:

wherein:

R³ is optionally substituted alkyl, halogen, hydrogen, cyano, OR^(a), optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁴ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R^(a) is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

r is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R³ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is cyano. In certain embodiments, R³ is halogen. In certain embodiments, R³ is OR^(a), wherein R^(a) is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted phenyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments. R⁴ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with an ester group.

In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 30 and 40, inclusive.

In certain embodiments. R³ is optionally substituted aryl; R⁴ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted aryl; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted phenyl; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20.000 Da, about 10,000 Da to about 15,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 7,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 8,000 Da to about 9,500 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 7,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 4,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 3,000 Da, or about 2,500 Da to about 3,600 Da.

In certain embodiments, B is a polyacrylate of the following formula:

wherein:

R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl, hydrogen, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁶ is optionally substituted alkyl, hydrogen, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁷ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

p is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments. R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is tert-butyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with an ester group.

In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 25 and 35, inclusive.

In certain embodiments. R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁷ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and p is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁷ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and p is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments. R⁵ is tert-butyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and p is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 10,000 Da to about 15,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 7,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 8,000 Da to about 9,500 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 7,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 4,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 3,000 Da. or about 2,500 Da to about 3,600 Da.

In certain embodiments, B is a polyester of the following formula:

wherein:

R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted acyl:

R⁹ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; and

s is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments. R⁸ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted heteroaryl In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁹ hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments. R⁹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is an oxygen protecting group.

In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 200, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, B is a polyether of the following formula:

wherein:

R¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; and

t is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 200, inclusive. In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, B is a polyacrylamide group of the following formula:

wherein:

each instance of R^(N) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or a nitrogen protecting group; or optionally two R^(N) on the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R¹¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted hydroxyl, or optionally substituted thiol; and

u is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, each instance of R^(N) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or a nitrogen protecting group; or optionally two R^(N) on the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments. R^(N) is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments. R^(N) is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R^(N) on the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is iso-propyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted hydroxyl, or optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is halogen. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is —CN. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments. R¹¹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments. R¹¹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments. R¹¹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, R^(C) is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 200, inclusive. In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer is of Formula (I-b):

or salts thereof, wherein:

each L^(A), and L^(B) is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof;

each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio;

n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive;

A is a polysiloxane having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and

B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da.

In certain embodiments. L^(A) is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is C-10 heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxo (═O) group. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) comprises a triazole. In certain embodiments, L^(A) comprises a group of the formula:

In certain embodiments. L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments. L^(B) is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments. L^(B) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxo (═O) group. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments. L^(B) comprises a triazole. In certain embodiments, L^(B) comprises a group of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylene; and L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; and L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene; and L^(B) is substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene; and L^(B) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene.

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments. L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 5 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer is between 50 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 100 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1000 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2000 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 25 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 25 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is about 10, about 25, about 50, or about 100. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 10, about 25, about 50, or about 100. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 25 or about 50. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 10. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 25. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 50. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 100. In certain embodiments, n is the same as the degree of polymerization of the polymer.

In certain embodiments, each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, T¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is halogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments. T¹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T² is halogen. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments. T² is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, both T¹ and T² are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted aryl, and T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is phenyl, and T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted aryl, and T¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T² is phenyl, and T¹ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, A is a polysiloxane and B is a different polymer. In certain embodiments, A is a polysiloxane having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20.000 Da; and B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da.

In certain embodiments, A is a polysiloxane. In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane is of the formula:

wherein:

R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkoxy;

R² is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkoxy; and

q is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is methyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, and the polysiloxane has a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or about 4,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or about 4,500 Da to about 5,500 Da.

In certain embodiments, R² is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments. R² is unsubstituted C₁₋₂₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl.

In certain embodiments, R² is n-butyl. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 30 and 80, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 50 and 80, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 60 and 70, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R² is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R² is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R¹ is methyl; R² is n-butyl; and q is an integer between 50 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, and the polysiloxane has a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or about 4,000 Da to about 6,000 Da. or about 4,500 Da to about 5,500 Da.

In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, about 4,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, about 4,500 Da to about 5,500 Da.

In certain embodiments, B is a vinyl polymer of the following formula:

wherein: R³ is optionally substituted alkyl, halogen, hydrogen, cyano, OR^(a), optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁴ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R^(a) is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

r is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R³ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is cyano. In certain embodiments, R³ is halogen. In certain embodiments, R³ is OR^(a), wherein R^(a) is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted phenyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with an ester group.

In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 30 and 40, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted aryl; R⁴ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted aryl; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted phenyl; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2.000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 10,000 Da to about 15.000 Da, about 2.000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 7,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 8,000 Da to about 9,500 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 7,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 4,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 3,000 Da, or about 2,500 Da to about 3,600 Da.

In certain embodiments. B is a polyacrylate of the following formula:

wherein:

R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl, hydrogen, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁶ is optionally substituted alkyl, hydrogen, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁷ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

p is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments. R⁵ is tert-butyl.

In certain embodiments. R⁶ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with an ester group.

In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 25 and 35, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁷ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and p is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁷ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and p is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is tert-butyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and p is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20.000 Da, about 10,000 Da to about 15,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 7,000 Da to about 10.000 Da, about 8.000 Da to about 9,500 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 7,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 4,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 3.000 Da, or about 2,500 Da to about 3,600 Da.

In certain embodiments, B is a polyester of the following formula:

wherein:

R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted acyl;

R⁹ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; and

s is an integer between 5 and 2000), inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted heteroaryl In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments. R⁸ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁹ hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments. R⁹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is an oxygen protecting group.

In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 200, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the polyester is poly(lactic acid). In certain embodiments, the polyester is poly(lactic acid) having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 7,000 Da, or about 2,000 Da to about 4,000 Da.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R¹, R², R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, q, and p are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of q:r is about 1:1, about 1.5:1, about 2:1, about 2.1:1, about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, or about 5:1. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R², R⁷, q, and p are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of q:r is about 1:1, about 1.5:1, about 2:1, about 2.1:1, about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, or about 5:1. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R², R⁷, q, and p are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of q:r is about 2.6:1. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R² and R⁷ are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); q is about 65 to about 70; p is about 25 to about 30; and the ratio of q:r is about 2.6:1. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, q, and r are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of q:r is about 1:1.1, about 1:1.2, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.4, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.6, about 1:1.7, about 1:1.8, about 1:1.9, about 1:2, about 1:2.1, about 1:2.2, about 1:2.3, about 1:2.4, about 1:2.5, about 1:2.6, about 1:2.7, about 1:2.8, about 1:2.9, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.6:1, about 1.7:1, about 1.8:1, about 1.9:1, about 2:1, about 2.1:1, about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, or about 5:1. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R², R⁴, q, and r are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and wherein the ratio of q:r is about 1:1.1, about 1:1.2, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.4, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.6, about 1:1.7, about 1:1.8, about 1:1.9, about 1:2, about 1:2.1, about 1:2.2, about 1:2.3, about 1:2.4, about 1:2.5, about 1:2.6, about 1:2.7, about 1:2.8, about 1:2.9, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.6:1, about 1.7:1, about 1.8:1, about 1.9:1, about 2:1, about 2.1:1, about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, or about 5:1. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R², R⁴, q, and r are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of q:r is about 2:1. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R², R⁴, q, and r are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of q:r is about 3:1. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R², R⁴, q, and r are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of q:r is about 1:1.5. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R², R⁴, q, and r are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of q:r is about 1:2.2. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R², R⁴, q, and r are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of q:r is about 1:1.2 to about 1:1.3. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R² and R⁴ are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); q is about 65 to about 70; r is about 80 to about 90; and the ratio of q:r is about 1:1.2 to about 1:1.3. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-c):

or salts thereof, wherein:

each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl;

n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive;

p is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; and

q is an integer between 25 and 260, inclusive; wherein the ratio of q:p is about 2.6:1. In certain embodiments, the polymer has a hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, the polymer has a gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-d):

or salts thereof, wherein:

each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl:

n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive;

r is an integer between 20 and 200, inclusive; and

q is an integer between 20 and 200, inclusive; wherein the ratio of q:r is about 1:1.2 to about 1:1.3. In certain embodiments, the polymer has a hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, the polymer has a gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-e):

or salts thereof, wherein each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl; n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; s is an integer between 20 and 200, inclusive; and q is an integer between 20 and 200, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the polymer has a hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, the polymer has a gyroid morphology.

As described herein, in certain embodiments, a bottlebrush polymer of the present invention has a bottlebrush or comb structure. In certain embodiments, the polymer has a bottlebrush structure. In certain embodiments, the polymer has a comb structure. A bottlebrush polymer described herein may self-assemble to form any type of polymer network or nanostructure. In certain embodiments, a bottlebrush polymer described herein self-assembles to form photonic crystals. In certain embodiments, a bottlebrush polymer described herein self-assembles to form a spherical, lamellar, cylindrical, ellipsoidal, polyhedral, or gyroid shape.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer described herein self-assembles to form a structure with a hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer described herein self-assembles to form a structure with a gyroid morphology. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer described herein self-assembles to form a spherical morphology. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer described herein self-assembles to form a lamellar morphology. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer described herein self-assembles to form an ellipsoidal morphology. In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer described herein self-assembles to form a polyhedral morphology.

Additional Bottlebrush Polymers Having Gyroid Morphologies

As described herein, the present invention provides new bottlebrush polymers having gyroid morphologies. In certain embodiments, provided herein are bottlebrush polymers of Formula (I):

and salts thereof, wherein:

G^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof:

each of L¹, L², L³, L^(A), and L^(B) is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof;

each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio;

n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive;

A is a polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and

B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da;

wherein the bottlebrush polymer has a gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, G^(A) is optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is optionally substituted carbocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is optionally substituted heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) comprises optionally substituted 5-membered carbocyclylene or 5-membered heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) comprises optionally substituted cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, tetrahydrofuranylene, tetrahydrothiophenylene, or pyrrolidinylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is optionally substituted bicyclic heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is substituted bicyclic heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is of the following formula:

wherein X^(A) is —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —O—, or —S—; and A^(R) is optionally substituted carbocyclyl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments. G^(A) is of the following formula:

wherein A^(R) is optionally substituted carbocyclyl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is of the following formula:

wherein X^(A) is —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂— —O—, or —S—. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is of the following formula:

In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is optionally substituted alkynylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is optionally substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is unsubstituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, each of L¹ and L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L¹ is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ is optionally substituted alkynylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ is optionally substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L¹ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L¹ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L³ is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is optionally substituted alkynylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is optionally substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L³ substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is unsubstituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L³ is of the formula:

certain embodiments, L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments. L² is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-a):

or salts thereof, wherein:

each of L², L^(A), and L^(B) is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof;

each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio;

n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive;

A is a polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and

B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da;

wherein the bottlebrush polymer has a gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer is of Formula (I-b):

or salts thereof, wherein:

each L^(A), and L^(B) is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof;

each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio;

n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive;

A is a polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and

B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1.000 Da to about 20,000 Da:

wherein the bottlebrush polymer has a gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxo (═O) group. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) comprises a triazole. In certain embodiments, L^(A) comprises a group of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments. L^(B) is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxo (═O) group. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments. L^(B) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments. L^(B) comprises a triazole. In certain embodiments, L^(B) comprises a group of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted heteroalkylene; L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylene; and L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; and L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted heteroalkylene; L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene; and L^(B) is substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene; L^(A) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene; and L^(B) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene.

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

and L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 5 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer is between 50 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 100 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1000 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2000 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 25 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 25 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is about 10, about 25, about 50, or about 100. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 10, about 25, about 50, or about 100. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 25 or about 50. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 10. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 25. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 50. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 100. In certain embodiments, n is the same as the degree of polymerization of the polymer.

In certain embodiments, each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, T¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is halogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T² is halogen. In certain embodiments. T² is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, both T¹ and T² are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted aryl, and T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is phenyl, and T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted aryl, and T¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments. T² is phenyl, and T¹ is hydrogen.

As defined herein, A is a polymer. In certain embodiments, A is a polyether, a polyester, a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, or a vinyl polymer. The polyacrylate may be any polyester described herein. The polyester may be any polyester described herein. The polyether may be any polyether described herein. The polyacrylamide may be any polyacrylamide described herein. Additionally, the vinyl polymer may be any vinyl polymer described herein.

In certain embodiments, A is a polyether selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyoxymethylene (POM), polypropylene glycol (PPG), polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG), poly(ethyl ethylene) phosphate (PEEP), and poly(oxazoline). In certain embodiments, A is polyethylene glycol (PEG). In certain embodiments, A is a polyester. In certain embodiments, A is a polyester selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutryate (PHB), polyethylene adipate (PEA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). In certain embodiments, A is polylactic acid (PLA). In certain embodiments, A is polyglycolic acid (PGA) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). In certain embodiments, A is a polyacrylamide. In certain embodiments, A is a poly(N-alkylacrylamide). In certain embodiments, A is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). In certain embodiments, A is a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, A is a vinyl polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacrylonitrile. In certain embodiments, A is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, A is a polyacrylate. In certain embodiments, A is a polyacrylate selected from the group consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate), and poly(tert-butyl acrylate). In certain embodiments, A is poly(tert-butyl acrylate).

As defined herein, B is a polymer (e.g., a different polymer than polymer A). In certain embodiments, B is a polyether, a polyester, a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, or a vinyl polymer. The polyacrylate may be any polyester described herein. The polyester may be any polyester described herein. The polyether may be any polyether described herein. The polyacrylamide may be any polyacrylamide described herein. Additionally, the vinyl polymer may be any vinyl polymer described herein.

In certain embodiments, B is a polyether selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyoxymethylene (POM), polypropylene glycol (PPG), polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG), poly(ethyl ethylene) phosphate (PEEP), and poly(oxazoline). In certain embodiments. B is polyethylene glycol (PEG). In certain embodiments, B is a polyester. In certain embodiments, B is a polyester selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutryate (PHB), polyethylene adipate (PEA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). In certain embodiments. B is polylactic acid (PLA). In certain embodiments, B is polyglycolic acid (PGA) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). In certain embodiments, B is a polyacrylamide. In certain embodiments, B is a poly(N-alkylacrylamide). In certain embodiments. B is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). In certain embodiments, B is a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, B is a vinyl polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacrylonitrile. In certain embodiments, B is polystyrene. In certain embodiments. B is a polyacrylate. In certain embodiments. B is a polyacrylate selected from the group consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate), and poly(tert-butyl acrylate). In certain embodiments, B is poly(tert-butyl acrylate).

In certain embodiments, A is a polyester; and B is a different polymer. In certain embodiments. A is a polyester having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da. In certain embodiments, A is PLA; and B is a different polymer. In certain embodiments, A is PLA having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1.000 Da to about 20,000 Da.

In certain embodiments, B is a vinyl polymer; and A is a different polymer. In certain embodiments, B is a vinyl polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and A is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da. In certain embodiments, B is polystyrene; and A is a different polymer. In certain embodiments, B is polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and A is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da.

In certain embodiments, A is a polyester; and B is a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, A is a polyester having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and B is vinyl polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da. In certain embodiments, A is PLA; and B is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, A is PLA having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and B is polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da.

In certain embodiments, A is a polyester of the following formula:

wherein:

R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted acyl:

R⁹ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; and

s is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted heteroaryl In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁹ hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments. R⁹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is an oxygen protecting group.

In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 200, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the polyester is poly(lactic acid). In certain embodiments, the polyester is poly(lactic acid) having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 2.000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 7,000 Da, or about 2,000 Da to about 4,000 Da. In certain embodiments, the number average molecular weight is 3,000 to 4,000 Da.

In certain embodiments, B is a vinyl polymer of the following formula:

wherein:

R³ is optionally substituted alkyl, halogen, hydrogen, cyano, OR^(a), optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁴ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R^(a) is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

r is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments. R³ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is cyano. In certain embodiments. R³ is halogen. In certain embodiments, R³ is OR^(a), wherein R^(a) is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted phenyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments. R⁴ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with an ester group.

In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 30 and 40, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted aryl; R⁴ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted aryl; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted phenyl; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 10.000 Da to about 15,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10.000 Da, about 7,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 8,000 Da to about 9,500 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 7,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 4,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 3,000 Da, or about 2,500 Da to about 3,600 Da. In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 4,000 Da to about 5,000 Da.

In certain embodiments, the ratio of A:B, by weight, is about 1:1, about 1:1.1, about 1:1.2, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.4, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.6, about 1:1.7, about 1:1.8, about 1:1.9, about 1:2, about 1:2.5, about 1:3, about 1:3.5, about 1:4, about 1:1.4, or about 1:5. In certain embodiments, the ratio of A:B, by weight, is about 1:1.2, 1:1.21, 1:1.23, 1:1.24, 1:1.25, 1:1.26, 1:1.27, or 1:1.29. In certain embodiments, the ratio of A:B, by weight, is about 1:1.25.

In certain embodiments, the ratio of PLA:PS, by weight, is about 1:1, about 1:1.1, about 1:1.2, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.4, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.6, about 1:1.7, about 1:1.8, about 1:1.9, about 1:2, about 1:2.5, about 1:3, about 1:3.5, about 1:4, about 1:1.4, or about 1:5. In certain embodiments, the ratio of PLA:PS, by weight, is about 1:1.2, 1:1.21, 1:1.23, 1:1.24, 1:1.25, 1:1.26, 1:1.27, or 1:1.29. In certain embodiments, the ratio of PLA:PS, by weight, is about 1:1.25.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R³, R⁴, R⁸, R⁹, s and r are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of s:r is about 1:1.1, about 1:1.2, about 1:1.25, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.4, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.6, about 1:1.7, about 1:1.8, about 1:1.9, about 1:2, about 1:2.1, about 1:2.2, about 1:2.3, about 1:2.4, about 1:2.5, about 1:2.6, about 1:2.7, about 1:2.8, about 1:2.9, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.6:1, about 1.7:1, about 1.8:1, about 1.9:1, about 2:1, about 2.1:1, about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, or about 5:1. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R³, R⁴. R⁹, s and r are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of s:r is about 1:1.1, about 1:1.2, about 1:1.25, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.4, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.6, about 1:1.7, about 1:1.8, about 1:1.9, about 1:2, about 1:2.1, about 1:2.2, about 1:2.3, about 1:2.4, about 1:2.5, about 1:2.6, about 1:2.7, about 1:2.8, about 1:2.9, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.6:1, about 1.7:1, about 1.8:1, about 1.9:1, about 2:1, about 2.1:1, about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, or about 5:1. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R⁴, R⁸, R⁹, s and r are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of s:r is about 1:1.1, about 1:1.2, about 1:1.25, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.4, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.6, about 1:1.7, about 1:1.8, about 1:1.9, about 1:2, about 1:2.1, about 1:2.2, about 1:2.3, about 1:2.4, about 1:2.5, about 1:2.6, about 1:2.7, about 1:2.8, about 1:2.9, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.6:1, about 1.7:1, about 1.8:1, about 1.9:1, about 2:1, about 2.1:1, about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, or about 5:1. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein R⁴, R⁹, s and r are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of s:r is about 1:1.1, about 1:1.2, about 1:1.25, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.4, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.6, about 1:1.7, about 1:1.8, about 1:1.9, about 1:2, about 1:2.1, about 1:2.2, about 1:2.3, about 1:2.4, about 1:2.5, about 1:2.6, about 1:2.7, about 1:2.8, about 1:2.9, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.6:1, about 1.7:1, about 1.8:1, about 1.9:1, about 2:1, about 2.1:1, about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, or about 5:1. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

and B is of the formula:

wherein s and r are as defined in the embodiments of Formula (I); and the ratio of s:r is about 1:1.1, about 1:1.2, about 1:1.25, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.4, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.6, about 1:1.7, about 1:1.8, about 1:1.9, about 1:2, about 1:2.1, about 1:2.2, about 1:2.3, about 1:2.4, about 1:2.5, about 1:2.6, about 1:2.7, about 1:2.8, about 1:2.9, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.6:1, about 1.7:1, about 1.8:1, about 1.9:1, about 2:1, about 2.1:1, about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, or about 5:1. In certain embodiments, any of these parameters lead to a BBCP with gyroid morphology.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer of Formula (I), having a gyroid morphology, is of Formula (I-aa):

or a salt thereof, wherein:

each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl:

n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive;

s is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; and

r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer of Formula (I), having a gyroid morphology, is of Formula (I-bb):

or a salt thereof, wherein:

each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl:

n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive;

s is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; and

r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive.

Diblock Bottlebrush Copolymers

Another aspect of the present invention relates to diblock bottlebrush copolymers. In certain embodiments, the polymer is an AB diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprising a Block A polymer, and a Block B polymer. A diblock bottlebrush copolymer of the present disclosure comprises a backbone polymer of repeating units covalently linked to polymeric sidechains; wherein Block A and Block B of the copolymer comprise polymeric sidechains covalently linked to the repeating units of the backbone polymer. In certain embodiments, at least one of Block A and Block B comprise repeating units linked to at least two different polymeric sidechains.

The diblock bottlebrush copolymers provided herein are AB diblock bottlebrush copolymers, meaning that at least one polymeric sidechain of Block A is different from the polymeric sidechains of Block B. In the converse, at least one polymeric sidechain of Block B is different from the polymeric sidechains of Block A. In certain embodiments, Block A comprises repeating units covalently linked to at least two polymeric sidechains and Block B comprises repeating units covalently linked to at least two polymeric sidechains. In other embodiments. Block A comprises repeating units covalently linked to one polymeric sidechain and Block B comprises repeating units covalently linked to at least two polymeric sidechains. In other embodiments, Block B comprises repeating units covalently linked to one polymeric sidechain and Block A comprises repeating units covalently linked to at least two polymeric sidechains. In other embodiments, the polymeric sidechains of Blocks A and B each are of a different polymer class. Further, any two polymeric sidechains of Blocks A and B may be of the same or different length, or of the same or different molecular weight.

The diblock bottlebrush copolymers provided herein comprise a backbone polymer of repeating units (“backbone units”). The repeating backbone units of any two of Blocks A and B may be the same or different. Further, any two of Blocks A and B may comprise the same or a different number of repeating backbone units. In certain embodiments, each of Blocks A and B independently comprise 1 to 4000 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, each of Blocks A and B independently comprise 2 to 4000 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, each of Blocks A and B independently comprise 2 to 2000 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, each of Blocks A and B independently comprise 2 to 1000 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, each of Blocks A and B independently comprise 2 to 500 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, each of Blocks A and B independently comprise 2 to 200 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, each of Blocks A and B independently comprise 2 to 100 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, each of Blocks A and B independently comprise 10 to 100 repeating backbone units, inclusive. In certain embodiments, each of Blocks A and B independently comprise 10 to 50 repeating backbone units, inclusive.

The backbone units may be derived from polymerization of a monomer including substituted or unsubstituted norbomene, olefin, cyclic olefin, norbomene anhydride, cyclooctene, cyclopentadiene, styrene or acrylate. Some backbone units useful in the present disclosure may be obtained from a ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reaction.

The polymeric sidechains of Block A, and Block B of the diblock bottlebrush copolymer may comprise any polymer. Examples of classes of polymers include, but are not limited to, vinyl polymers (e.g., polystyrene), polyethylenes (e.g., polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene), polypropylenes, polyacetylenes, polyethers (e.g., polyethylene glycol, polyoxymethylene, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, poly(ethyl ethylene) phosphate, poly(oxazoline)), polyamines, polyesters (e.g., polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polycaprolactone, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyhydroxybutryate, polyethylene adipate, polybutylene succinate, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), polysilanes, polysiloxanes (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane), polyacrylates (e.g., polymethacrylate, poly(n-butyl acrylate), poly(tert-butyl acrylate)), polylactides (e.g., polylactic acid), polyamino acids, polypeptides, polyamides, polyacrylamides (e.g., polymethylacrylamide), and polysaccharides. The polymeric sidechains may be homopolymers or copolymers. The polymeric sidechains may be linear or branched. In certain embodiments, the polymeric sidechains are linear. In certain embodiments, the polymeric sidechains are branched.

In certain embodiments, one or more of Block A and Block B of the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprise polyester sidechains. In certain embodiments, Block A of the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polyester sidechains. In certain embodiments, Block B of the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polyester sidechains. Examples of polyesters include, but are not limited to, polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutryate (PHB), polyethylene adipate (PEA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), or poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polylactic acid (PLA) sidechains. In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polyglycolic acid (PGA) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) sidechains. In certain embodiments, Block A of the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises a polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) sidechain. In certain embodiments, Block A of the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises PLA sidechains. In certain embodiments, Block B of the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises PLA sidechains.

In certain embodiments, one or more of Block A and Block B of the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprise polyether sidechains. In certain embodiments. Block B of the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polyether sidechains. In certain embodiments, Block A of the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polyether sidechains. Examples of polyethers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyoxymethylene (POM), polypropylene glycol (PPG), polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG), poly(ethyl ethylene) phosphate (PEEP), and poly(oxazoline). In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG) sidechains.

In certain embodiments, at least one of Block A and Block B of the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polysiloxane sidechains. In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In certain embodiments. Block A comprises polydimethylsiloxane sidechains. In certain embodiments, Block B comprises polydimethylsiloxane sidechains.

In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polyacrylamide sidechains. In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises poly(N-alkylacrylamide) sidechains. In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) sidechains. In certain embodiments, Block A comprises poly(N-alkylacrylamide) sidechains. In certain embodiments, Block B comprises poly(N-alkylacrylamide) sidechains.

In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises vinyl polymer sidechains. Examples of vinyl polymers include, but are not limited to, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacrylonitrile. In certain embodiments, Block A comprises polystyrene sidechains. In certain embodiments, Block B comprises polystyrene sidechains.

In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polyacrylate sidechains. Examples of polyacrylates include, but are not limited to, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate), and poly(tert-butyl acrylate). In certain embodiments, Block A comprises poly(tert-butyl acrylate) sidechains. In certain embodiments, Block B comprises poly(tert-butyl acrylate) sidechains.

In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polysiloxane sidechains, polyester sidechains, and vinyl polymer sidechains. In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polysiloxane sidechains, polyacrylate sidechains, polyester sidechains, and vinyl polymer sidechains. In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polydimethylsiloxane sidechains, poly(lactic acid) sidechains, and polystyrene sidechains. In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer comprises polydimethylsiloxane sidechains, poly(tert-butylacrylate) sidechains, poly(lactic acid) sidechains, and polystyrene sidechains.

The polymeric sidechains of Blocks A and B may be of any molecular weight. In certain embodiments, the polymeric sidechains of Blocks A and B each independently have a number average molecular weight of about 50 to about 10000 Da, about 100 to about 10000 Da, about 500 to about 10000 Da, about 1000 to about 10000 Da, about 2000 to about 10000 Da, about 2000 to about 7000 Da, about 2000 to about 4000 Da, about 3000 to about 4000 Da. or about 4000 to about 6000 Da; each range being inclusive.

In certain embodiments, one block of the copolymer comprises repeating units of the backbone linked to at least two different polymeric sidechains. In certain embodiments, each block of the copolymer comprises repeating units of the backbone linked to at least two different polymeric sidechains.

In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer is of Formula (II):

or salts thereof, wherein:

each of G^(A) and G^(B) is independently optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof;

each of L¹, L², L³, L⁴, and L⁵ is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof:

each of L^(A), L^(B), L^(C), and L^(D) is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof;

each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio;

n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive;

m is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive; and

each of A, B, C, and D is independently a polymer or hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, no more than one of A, B, C. or D is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, no more than two of A, B, C, or D is the same polymer. In certain embodiments, none of A, B, C, or D is the same polymer. In certain embodiments, at least one of A, B, C, or D is a polysiloxane.

In certain embodiments, G^(A) is optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is optionally substituted carbocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is optionally substituted heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) comprises optionally substituted 5-membered carbocyclylene or 5-membered heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) comprises optionally substituted cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, tetrahydrofuranylene, tetrahydrothiophenylene, or pyrrolidinylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is optionally substituted bicyclic heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is substituted bicyclic heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is of the following formula:

wherein X^(A) is —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —O—, or —S—; and AR is optionally substituted carbocyclyl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is of the following formula:

wherein A^(R) is optionally substituted carbocyclyl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, G^(A) is of the following formula:

wherein X^(A) is —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —O—, or —S—. In certain embodiments. G^(A) is of the following formula:

In certain embodiments. G^(B) is optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, G^(B) is optionally substituted carbocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(B) is optionally substituted heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(B) is optionally substituted bicyclic heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(B) comprises optionally substituted 5-membered carbocyclylene or 5-membered heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(B) comprises optionally substituted cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, tetrahydrofuranylene, tetrahydrothiophenylene, or pyrrolidinylene. In certain embodiments, G^(B) is substituted bicyclic heterocyclylene. In certain embodiments, G^(B) is of the following formula:

wherein X^(B) is —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —O—, or —S—; and B^(R) is optionally substituted carbocyclyl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, G^(B) is of the following formula:

wherein B^(R) is optionally substituted carbocyclyl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, G^(B) is of the following formula:

wherein X^(B) is —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —O—, or —S—. In certain embodiments, G^(B) is of the following formula:

In certain embodiments, G^(A) and G^(B) are the same. In certain embodiments, each of G^(A) and G^(B) is independently optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, each of G^(A) and G^(B) is of the following formula:

In certain embodiments, G^(A) and G^(B) are different, as defined in the embodiments of Formula (II) above.

In certain embodiments, each of L¹, L³, and L⁵ is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, each of L¹, L³, and L⁵ is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹, L³, and L⁵ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹, L³, and L⁵ is optionally substituted alkynylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹, L³, and L⁵ is optionally substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹, L³, and L⁵ is substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹, L³, and L⁵ is unsubstituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, each of L¹, L³, and L⁵ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, each of L¹, L³, and L⁵ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, each of L¹, L³, and L⁵ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L¹ is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ is optionally substituted alkynylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ is optionally substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L¹ substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments. L¹ is unsubstituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments. L¹ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L¹ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L¹ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L³ is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments. L³ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is optionally substituted alkynylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is optionally substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L³ substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is unsubstituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L³ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L³ is of the formula

In certain embodiments, L⁵ is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L⁵ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L⁵ is optionally substituted alkynylene. In certain embodiments, L⁵ is optionally substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L⁵ substituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L⁵ is unsubstituted alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L⁵ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L⁵ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L⁵ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

In certain embodiments. L⁴ is a linker selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L⁴ is optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L⁴ is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L⁴ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L⁴ is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments. L⁴ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L⁴ is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L⁴ is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L⁴ is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments. L⁴ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L⁴ is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L⁴ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, each of L² and L⁴ is independently optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted heteroalkylene.

In certain embodiments, L² is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene, and L⁴ is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene.

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

and L⁴ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments. L^(A) is a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is a bond. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments. L^(A) is substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxo (═O) group. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

certain embodiments. L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) comprises a triazole. In certain embodiments, L^(A) comprises a group of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(A) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments. L^(B) is a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments. L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxo (═O) group. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(B) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(B) comprises a triazole. In certain embodiments. LB comprises a group of the formula:

In certain embodiments. L^(B) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(C) is a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L^(C) is a bond. In certain embodiments, L^(c) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(C) is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(c) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(C) is optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L^(C) is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(c) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(C) is substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(c) is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(A) is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(C) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(C) is C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxo (═O) group. In certain embodiments, L^(C) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(c) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(c) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(c) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(C) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(C) comprises a triazole. In certain embodiments, L^(C) comprises a group of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(c) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(D) is a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is optionally substituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is optionally substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is substituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is substituted C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxo (═O) group. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(D) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(D) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(D) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments. L^(D) is an unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylalkylene. In certain embodiments, L^(D) comprises a triazole. In certain embodiments, L^(D) comprises a group of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L^(D) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² and L⁴ are each independently optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted heteroalkylene; and L^(A), L^(B), L^(c), and L^(D) are each independently a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylene; wherein no more than one of L^(A). L^(B), L^(C), and L^(D) is a bond.

In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted alkylene; L⁴ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; L^(A) is a bond; L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; L^(C) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; and L^(D) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene.

In certain embodiments, L² is unsubstituted alkylene; L⁴ is unsubstituted heteroalkylene; L^(A) is a bond; L^(B) is substituted heteroalkylene; L^(c) is substituted heteroalkylene; and L^(D) is unsubstituted heteroarylalkylene.

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L⁴ is of the formula:

L^(A) is a bond; L^(B) is of the formula:

L^(C) is of the formula:

and L^(D) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, L² and L⁴ are each independently optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted heteroalkylene; and L^(A), L^(B), L^(c), and L^(D) are each independently optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene.

In certain embodiments, L² is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; L⁴ is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; L^(A) is optionally substituted heteroarylene; L^(B) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; L^(C) is optionally substituted heteroalkylene; and L^(D) is optionally substituted heteroarylalkylene.

In certain embodiments, L² is of the formula:

L⁴ is of the formula:

L^(A) is of the formula:

L^(B) is of the formula:

L^(C) of the formula:

and L^(D) is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 5 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer is between 50 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 100 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1000 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2000 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 25 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 25 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is about 10, about 25, about 50, or about 100. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 10, about 25, about 50, or about 100. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 25 or about 50. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 10. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 25. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 50. In certain embodiments, the average of n is about 100. In certain embodiments, n is the same as the degree of polymerization of the polymer.

In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 5 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer is between 50 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 100 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 1000 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 2000 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 2 and 4000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 2 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 2 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 10 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 2 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 25 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is an integer between 25 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is about 10, about 25, about 50, or about 100. In certain embodiments, the average of m is about 10, about 25, about 50, or about 100. In certain embodiments, the average of m is about 25 or about 50. In certain embodiments, the average of m is about 10. In certain embodiments, the average of m is about 25. In certain embodiments, the average of m is about 50. In certain embodiments, the average of m is about 100. In certain embodiments, m is the same as the degree of polymerization of the polymer.

In certain embodiments, each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, T¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is halogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments. T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments. T² is halogen. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, both T¹ and T² are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, T¹ is optionally substituted aryl, and T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T¹ is phenyl, and T² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T² is optionally substituted aryl, and T¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, T² is phenyl, and T¹ is hydrogen.

At least one of A, B, C, or D is a polysiloxane. In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane is of the formula:

wherein:

R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkoxy;

R² is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkoxy; and

q is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R² is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is unsubstituted C₁₋₂₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is optionally substituted C₁, alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R² is n-butyl.

In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 30 and 80, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 50 and 80, inclusive. In certain embodiments, q is an integer between 60 and 70, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R² is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R² is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and q is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R¹ is methyl; R² is n-butyl; and q is an integer between 50 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, and the polysiloxane has a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or about 4,000 Da to about 6,000 Da. or about 4,500 Da to about 5,500 Da.

In certain embodiments, the polysiloxane is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, about 4,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or about 4,500 Da to about 5,500 Da.

In certain embodiments, one of A, B, C, or D is a polysiloxane and the remaining are selected from the group consisting of a polyether, a polyester, a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, or a vinyl polymer. The polyacrylate may be any polyester described herein. The polyester may be any polyester described herein. The polyether may be any polyether described herein. The polyacrylamide may be any polyacrylamide described herein. Additionally, the vinyl polymer may be any vinyl polymer described herein.

In certain embodiments, A, B, C, or D is a polyester. In certain embodiments, A, B, C, or D is a polyester selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutryate (PHB), polyethylene adipate (PEA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). In certain embodiments, A, B, C, or D is polylactic acid (PLA). In certain embodiments, A, B, C, or D is a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, A, B, C, or D is a vinyl polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacrylonitrile. In certain embodiments, A, B, C, or D is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, B is a polyacrylate. In certain embodiments, A, B, C, or D is a polyacrylate selected from the group consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate), and poly(tert-butyl acrylate). In certain embodiments, A, B, C, or D is poly(tert-butyl acrylate).

In certain embodiments, A, B, C, or D is a vinyl polymer of the following formula

wherein:

R³ is optionally substituted alkyl, halogen, hydrogen, cyano, OR^(a), optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁴ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R^(a) is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

r is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R³ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is cyano. In certain embodiments, R³ is halogen. In certain embodiments, R³ is OR^(a), wherein R^(a) is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted phenyl.

In certain embodiments. R⁴ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments. R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with an ester group.

In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive. In certain embodiments, r is an integer between 30 and 40, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted aryl; R⁴ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted aryl; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted phenyl; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, about 10.000 Da to about 15,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10.000 Da, about 7,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 8,000 Da to about 9,500 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 7,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 4,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 3,000 Da, or about 2,500 Da to about 3,600 Da.

In certain embodiments, A, B, C, or D is a polyacrylate of the following formula:

wherein:

R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl, hydrogen, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁶ is optionally substituted alkyl, hydrogen, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁷ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

p is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments. R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is tert-butyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments. R⁶ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments. R⁷ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with an ester group.

In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive. In certain embodiments, p is an integer between 25 and 35, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted alkyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁷ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and p is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁷ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and p is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is tert-butyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁴ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; and p is an integer between 20 and 40, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene. In certain embodiments, the vinyl polymer is polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 20.000 Da, about 10,000 Da to about 15,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 7,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, about 8,000 Da to about 9,500 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 7,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 4,000 Da, about 2,000 Da to about 3,000 Da, or about 2,500 Da to about 3,600 Da.

In certain embodiments, A, B, C, or D is a polyester of the following formula:

wherein:

R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted acyl;

R⁹ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; and

s is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted heteroaryl In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments. R⁸ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁹ hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments. R⁹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is an oxygen protecting group.

In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 200, inclusive. In certain embodiments, s is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, A, B, C, or D is a polyether of the following formula:

wherein:

R¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; and

t is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

As generally defined herein, t is an integer between 5 and 200), inclusive. In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 200, inclusive. In certain embodiments, t is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, A, B, C. or D is a polyacrylamide group of the following formula:

wherein:

each instance of R^(N) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or a nitrogen protecting group; or optionally two R^(N) on the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R¹¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted hydroxyl, or optionally substituted thiol; and

u is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, each instance of R^(N) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or a nitrogen protecting group; or optionally two R^(N) on the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R^(N) on the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments. R^(N) is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R^(N) is iso-propyl.

In certain embodiments. R¹¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted hydroxyl, or optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is halogen. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is —CN. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted amino. In certain embodiments, R^(C) is optionally substituted hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted thiol. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 2000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 1000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 500, inclusive. In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 200, inclusive. In certain embodiments, u is an integer between 5 and 100, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, one of A, B, C, or D is hydrogen; and one of the remaining is a polysiloxane. In certain embodiments, A is hydrogen; and one of B, C, or D is a polysiloxane. In certain embodiments, A is hydrogen; B is a polysiloxane; and C and D are independently selected from the group consisting of a polyether, a polyester, a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, and a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, A is hydrogen; B is a polysiloxane; C and D are independently selected from the group consisting of a polyester, a polyacrylate, and a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, A is hydrogen; B is a polysiloxane; C is a polyester; and D is a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, A is hydrogen; B is a polydimethylsiloxane; C is poly(lactic acid); and D is polystyrene.

In certain embodiments, one of A, B, C, or D is polysiloxane; and the remaining are independently selected from the group consisting of a polyether, a polyester, a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, and a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, B is a polysiloxane; and A, C, and D are independently selected from the group consisting of a polyester, a polyacrylate, and a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, A is a polyacrylate; B is a polysiloxane; C is a polyester; and D is a vinyl polymer. In certain embodiments, A is poly(tert-butylacrylate); B is polydimethylsiloxane; C is poly(lactic acid); and D is polystyrene.

In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer is of Formula (II-a):

or salts thereof, wherein each of T¹, T², L², L⁴, L^(A), L^(B), L^(C), L^(D), A, B, C, D, n, and m are as defined in any of the embodiments of Formula (II).

In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer is of Formula (II-b):

or salts thereof, wherein each of T¹, T², L^(A), L^(B), L^(C), L^(D), A, B, C, D, n, and m are as defined in any of the embodiments of Formula (II).

In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer is of Formula (II-c):

or salts thereof, wherein each of T¹, T², L^(A), L^(B), L^(C), L^(D), A, B, C, D, n, and m are as defined in any of the embodiments of Formula (II).

In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer of Formula (II) is of Formula (II-d):

or salts thereof, wherein:

each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl:

n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive;

m is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive;

q is an integer between 50 and 100, inclusive;

p is an integer between 30 and 70, inclusive; and

r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymer of Formula (II) is of Formula (I-c):

or salts thereof, wherein:

each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl;

n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive;

m is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive;

p is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive;

q is an integer between 50 and 100, inclusive;

s is an integer between 30 and 70, inclusive; and

r is an integer between 10 and 50, inclusive.

The properties of a diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein may be dependent upon the ratio of Block A to Block B in the copolymer. In certain embodiments, the ratio of Block A to Block B repeating backbone units in the diblock bottlebrush copolymer is about 1:1, about 3:2, about 4:3, about 5:4, about 6:4, about 7:3, about 4:1, or about 9:1.

As described herein, in certain embodiments, a diblock bottlebrush copolymer of the present invention has a bottlebrush, comb, or graft-copolymer structure. In certain embodiments, the copolymer has a bottlebrush structure. In certain embodiments, the copolymer has a comb structure. In certain embodiments, the copolymer has a graft-copolymer structure. A diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein may self-assemble to form any type of polymer network or nanostructure. In certain embodiments, a diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein self-assembles to form a spherical, lamellar, cylindrical, ellipsoidal, polyhedral, hexagonal cylindrical, or gyroid shape.

In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein self-assembles to form a structure with a hexagonal cylindrical morphology. In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein self-assembles to form a structure with a gyroid morphology. In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein self-assembles to form a spherical morphology. In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein self-assembles to form a lamellar morphology. In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein self-assembles to form an ellipsoidal morphology. In certain embodiments, the diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein self-assembles to form a polyhedral morphology.

Diblock bottlebrush copolymers described herein may comprise one or more additional blocks (e.g., to form a triblock bottlebrush copolymer in the case of one additional block).

Methods for Preparing Bottlebrush Polymers and Diblock Bottlebrush Copolymers

In one aspect, the present invention provides methods for preparing the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers described herein. The methods comprise forming the polymers and copolymers via a polymerization reaction or series of subsequent polymerization reactions, and any polymerization reactions known in the art may be employed. Examples of polymerization reactions include, but are not limited to, free-radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, and olefin metathesis polymerization (e.g., ring-opening metathesis polymerization (abbreviated “ROMP”)).

A method of preparing a bottlebrush polymer or diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein may comprise two or more sequential polymerization steps. For instance, a first macromonomer may be polymerized to form a homopolymer or copolymer. Then, the homopolymer or copolymer can be polymerized with itself to form a bottlebrush polymer, or it can be polymerized with a second macromonomer to form a diblock copolymer.

Provided herein is a method of producing a bottlebrush polymer described herein, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a first macromonomer comprising one or more polymeric sidechains and one or more reactive moieties;

(b) reacting the macromonomer provided in step (a) under conditions suitable to effect a polymerization reaction and yield a bottlebrush polymer;

In certain embodiments, the method of preparing a bottlebrush polymer described herein comprises one or more olefin metathesis polymerization steps (e.g., step (b)). In certain embodiments, the method of preparing a bottlebrush polymer described herein comprises one or more ROMP steps (e.g., step (b)). Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is an olefin metathesis strategy for chain-growth polymerization that utilizes ring strain of cyclic olefins (e.g., norbomene or cyclopentane; or heterocyclic analogs thereof) to drive the polymerization reaction. For olefin metathesis polymerization, the one or more reactive moieties on the macromonomers are olefins. For ROMP reactions, the one or more reactive moieties are cyclic olefins (e.g., norbomene or cyclopentane; or heterocyclic analogs thereof).

Therefore, in certain embodiments, the method of producing a bottlebrush polymer described herein comprises steps of:

(a) providing a macromonomer comprising two polymeric sidechains (e.g., polymeric sidechains described herein) and one or more olefins (e.g., a cyclic olefin);

(b) reacting the macromonomer provided in step (a) under conditions suitable to effect a polymerization reaction and yield a bottlebrush polymer.

Also provided herein is a method of producing a diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a first macromonomer comprising one or more polymeric sidechains and one or more reactive moieties;

(b) providing a second macromonomer comprising one or more polymeric sidechains and one or more reactive moieties;

(c) reacting the macromonomer provided in step (a) under conditions suitable to effect a polymerization reaction and yield a polymer;

(d) reacting the polymer in step (c) with the macromonomer provided in step (b) under conditions suitable to effect a polymerization reaction and yield a diblock bottlebrush copolymer.

In certain embodiments, the method of preparing a diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein comprises one or more olefin metathesis polymerization steps (e.g., steps (c) and (d)). In certain embodiments, the method of preparing a diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein comprises one or more ROMP steps (e.g., steps (c) and (d)). Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is a olefin metathesis strategy for chain-growth polymerization that utilizes ring strain of cyclic olefins (e.g., norbomene or cyclopentane; or heterocyclic analogs thereof) to drive the polymerization reaction. For olefin metathesis polymerization, the one or more reactive moieties on the macromonomers are olefins. For ROMP reactions, the one or more reactive moieties are cyclic olefins (e.g., norbomene or cyclopentane; or heterocyclic analogs thereof).

Therefore, in certain embodiments, the method of producing a diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein comprises steps of:

(a) providing a first macromonomer comprising one or two polymeric sidechains (e.g., polymeric sidechains described herein) and one or more olefins (e.g., a cyclic olefin);

(b) providing a second macromonomer comprising two polymeric sidechains (e.g., polymeric sidechains described herein) and one or more olefins (e.g., a cyclic olefin);

(c) reacting the macromonomer provided in step (a) under conditions suitable to effect a polymerization reaction and yield a polymer;

(d) reacting the polymer in step (c) with the macromonomer provided in step (b) under conditions suitable to effect a polymerization reaction and yield a diblock bottlebrush copolymer.

A “macromonomer” is a monomer comprising one or more polymer groups (e.g., polymeric sidechains described herein) and a reactive moiety (e.g., an olefin such as a cyclic olefin). In general, a macromonomer is a polymer comprising a reactive group that allows it to act as a monomer in a polymerization reaction. In certain embodiments, the macromonomer contains two polymeric sidechains covalently linked through a branching linker. The reactive group may be anywhere on the polymer and may be at the end/terminus of the polymer chain. Macromonomers function as monomers in polymerization reactions and, after polymerization, are the repeating units in the larger diblock bottlebrush copolymer.

In certain embodiments, macromonomers for the preparation of bottlebrush polymers of the present disclosure are of the following formulae:

or salts thereof, wherein X^(A), A^(R), L². L^(A), L^(B), L^(C), A, and B are as defined in embodiments of Formula (I). In the exemplary macromonomer shown above, the cyclic olefins represent reactive moieties and A and B represent polymeric sidechains.

In certain embodiments, the reactive moieties are cyclic olefins such as norbomene (or variants thereof). For example, in certain embodiments, macromonomers for the preparation of bottlebrush polymers of the present disclosure are of the following formulae:

or salts thereof, wherein L², L^(A), L^(B), A, and B are as defined in embodiments of Formula (I). Further examples of macromonomers of the present disclosure are provided in the Examples below.

In certain embodiments, macromonomers for the preparation of diblock bottlebrush copolymers of the present disclosure are of the following formulae:

or salts thereof, wherein X^(A), X^(B), A^(R), B^(R), L², L⁴. L^(A), L^(B), L^(C), A, B, C, and D are as defined in embodiments of Formula (II). In the exemplary macromonomers shown above, the cyclic olefins represent reactive moieties and A, B, C, and D represent polymeric sidechains.

In certain embodiments, the reactive moieties are cyclic olefins such as norbomene (or variants thereof). For example, in certain embodiments, macromonomers of the present invention are of the following formulae:

or salts thereof, wherein L^(A), L^(B), L^(c), A, B. and C are as defined in embodiments of Formula (II). Further examples of macromonomers of the present disclosure are provided in the Examples below.

In order to effect a polymerization reaction to form a bottlebrush polymer or diblock bottlebrush copolymer described herein, macromonomers are reacted in the presence of a polymerization initiator. In certain embodiments, when polymerization reaction is an olefin metathesis polymerization reaction (e.g. ROMP), the polymerization initiator is a catalyst or promoter of olefin metathesis. In certain embodiments, a ROMP polymerization involves reacting macromonomers in the presence of a ruthenium complex. In certain embodiments, the ruthenium complex is what is known in the art as a Grubbs or Grubbs-Hoveyda catalyst. Examples of commercially available ruthenium complexes useful in the polymerization reactions described herein can be found on the internet (See, e.g., www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/chemical-synthesis/technology-spotlights/metathesis.html).

In certain embodiments, a ruthenium complex useful in a ROMP reaction described herein is of the following formula:

wherein X is a halogen (e.g., Br) or hydrogen.

For examples of olefin metathesis reagents, catalysts, and reaction conditions useful in the present methods, see, e.g., Schrodi, Y.; Pederson, R. L. Aldrichimnica Acta 2007, 40, 45; Adv. Synth. Catal, 2007, 349, 1-268; Grubbs, R. H. Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 7117; Handbook of Metathesis; Grubbs, R. H., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2003; Vols. 1-3: Trnka, T. M.; Grubbs, R. H. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 18; Fürstner, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3012; Schuster, M.; Blechert. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1997, 36, 2036; Ritter, T. et al. Organometallics 2006, 25, 5740; Chatterjee, A. K. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3783; Chatterjee, A. K.; Grubbs, R. H. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 1751; Murelli, R. P.; Snapper, M. L. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 1749; Stewart, I. C. et al. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 1589; Ung, T. et al. Organometallics 2004, 23, 5399; Benitez, D.; Goddard, W. A., III. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 12218; Love, J. A. et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 4035; Sanford, M. S. et al. Organometallics 2001, 20, 5314; Choi. T.-L.; Grubbs, R. H. Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 1785; Ritter, T. et al. Organometallics 2006, 25, 5740; and references cited therein; each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Uses of the Bottlebrush Polymers and Copolymers

The bottlebrush polymers and diblock bottlebrush copolymers described herein may be useful in a variety of applications. For example, self-assembly of the bottlebrush polymers and copolymers can provide useful materials such as photonics (e.g., photonic crystals), functional materials, drug delivery systems, therapeutic vehicles, chromatography media, stimuli-responsive materials, lubricants, nanolithography, films, and coatings.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers are capable of self assembling into materials useful for nanofiltration. In particular, bottlebrush polymers that self assemble into hexagonal cylindrical or gyroid morphologies are useful materials for nanofiltration.

In certain embodiments, the bottlebrush polymers are capable of self assembling into materials useful for photonics such as photonic crystals. In particular, bottlebrush polymers that self assemble into gyroid morphologies can provide useful photonic crystals.

In certain embodiments, a self-assembled material deriving from a bottlebrush polymer or copolymer of the present disclosure may be chemically modified to provide useful materials. For example, a self-assembled material deriving from a bottlebrush polymer or copolymer comprising polysiloxane sidechains may be treated with a fluoride ion source to chemically degrade the polysiloxane sidechains. The chemical degradation of the polysiloxane can result in the formation of a porous material useful for nanofiltration. In another example, a self-assembled material deriving from a bottlebrush polymer or copolymer comprising poly(tert-butylacrylate) sidechains may be subjected to conditions that hydrolyze the tert-butyl ester, resulting in polyacrylic acid sidechains, which can function as an anionic polymer and create porous channels useful for ion exchange and/or filtration.

Additional uses will be self-evident to one of ordinary skill in the art.

EXAMPLES

These and other aspects of the present invention will be further appreciated upon consideration of the following Examples, which are intended to illustrate certain particular embodiments of the invention but are not intended to limit its scope, as defined by the claims.

Graft-Through Synthesis and Assembly of Janus Bottlebrush Polymers from A-Branch-B Diblock Macromonomers

Branched macromolecules (BMMs) were synthesized with different “A” and “B” polymer combinations: (1) polystyrene (PS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); (2) PDMS and poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA); and (3) PS and PtBA (FIG. 2). The assembly of linear PS-b-PDMS has been particularly well-studied¹⁰; for comparison eight different variants of BMM 1 with differing number average molecular weight (MW) of PS were synthesized. These BMMs are referred to as norbomene PS-x-branch-PDMS-y, where x and y are the MW of PS and PDMS, respectively. ROMP of these BMMs produced A-branch-B BBCPs of tunable backbone degree of polymerization (DP).

The structures of thermally annealed samples (145° C. in a vacuum oven for 6 h) of the PS-PDMS BMMs and their corresponding BBCPs were studied using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) at 20° C. In the bulk state, the BMMs readily formed ordered lamellar (LAM) or hexagonal cylinder (HEX) morphologies. In contrast, the resultant BBCPs spanned a wider range of morphologies. Interestingly, the bulk morphology of the BMMs was not necessarily the same morphology as the resulting BBCP. For example, the PS-2.3k-branch-PDMS-5k BMM formed lamellae with a domain size of 13.0 nm by SAXS, while the DP=10, 20, 30, and 40 BBCPs (0.30 PS volume fraction in all cases) formed highly ordered HEX morphologies with domain sizes of 12.9 or 13.0 nm (FIG. 3A and Table 1). Similar behavior was observed for the PS-3.3k-branch-PDMS-5k BMM (0.38 PS volume fraction) and its resultant BBCPs (FIG. 3A). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase images of drop-cast thick films of the (PS-3.3k-branch-PDMS-5k)₂₅. BBCP confirmed the HEX phase (FIG. 7). Furthermore, self-consistent field theory (SCFT) confirmed the HEX morphology at PS volume fractions between 0.30 and 0.36 (FIG. 8).

TABLE 1 Principal q and d for BMMs and BBCPs. Sample Composition Backbone DP Principal q (nm⁻¹) d (nm) PS-2.3k-branch-PDMS-5k MM 0.482 13.0 10 0.489 12.9 20 0.489 12.9 30 0.486 12.9 40 0.489 12.9 PS-3.3k-branch-PDMS-5k MM 0.476 13.2 25 0.456 13.8 50 0.459 13.7 100  0.459 13.7 PS-4.6k-branch-PDMS-5k MM 0.421 14.9 10 0.380 16.5 20 0.378 16.6 30 0.378 16,6 40 0.380 16.5 50 0.375 16.7 70 0.378 16.6 80 0.375 16.7 PS-6.4k-branch-PDMS-5k MM 0.387 16.2 10 0.348 18.1 20 0.348 18.1 40 0.335 18.7 80 0.345 18.2 PS-8.2k-branch-PDMS-5k MM 0.363 17.3 10 0.321 19.5 20 0.301 20.9 40 0.315 20.0 80 0.312 20.1 PS-9.2k-branch-PDMS-5k MM 0.358 17.6 10 0.321 19.5 20 0.301 20.8 40 0.317 19.8 80 0.312 20.1 PS-10.3k-branch-PDMS-5k MM 0.327 19.2 10 0.321 19.6 20 0.317 19.8 30 0.316 19.9 40 0.316 19.9 50 0.314 20.0 60 0.321 19.6 PS-15.3k-branch-PDMS-5k MM 0.324 19.4 10 0.292 21.5 30 0.287 21.9 40 0.287 21.9 PtBA-3.6k-branch-PDMS- MM 0.555 11.3 5k 25 0.483 13.0 50 0.473 13.3 100  0.471 13.3 PS-4.6k-branch-PtBA-4.6k MM N/A 10 0.498 12.6 20 0.477 13.2 30 0.473 13.3 40 0.465 13.5

The small increase in domain spacing observed for the BBCPs relative to their corresponding BMMs is likely due to the A-branch-B BBCP architecture: the confinement of PS and PDMS on the densely grafted backbone stretches the two immiscible chains. However, when the DP was above a certain value—10 in this case—little increase in the domain size was observed. Simulation results using SCFT capture this behavior: the close packing of the side chains forces the ends to stretch away from the interface as inferred from the increase of sidechain length, L0, beyond the ideal value of a linear BCP (FIG. 9, L_(ideal0)˜3.86Rg, Rg=radius of gyration). FIG. 9 depicts the increase of root mean squared end-to-end distance as a function of DP; in the simulations, the effect is prominent until DP˜9 after which it plateaus. Overall, the equilibrium spacing increased˜45% from 3.37Rg (for the BMM) to 4.87Rg (at backbone DP=29).

For BBCPs prepared from PS-8.2k-branch-PDMS-5k and PS-9.2k-branch-PDMS-5k BMMs, a coexistence of two phases that were indexed to lamellar and gyroidal morphologies was observed. Despite the fact that phase separation is dominated by the sidechains of these polymers, which are quite uniform, this coexistence could arise from the somewhat broad molecular weight distribution for the polymer backbone, especially at higher backbone DP (FIGS. 12 to 26). While the BMM with PS of MW=8.2k itself formed ordered lamellar structures, the DP=10, 20, and 40 BBCPs exhibited multiple sets of peaks. The principal and second order diffraction peaks in the DP=20 BBCP were indexed to a gyroid morphology, while the third, fourth, and fifth order diffraction peaks were indexed to lamellae. BBCPs formed from 9.2k PS appeared to have a greater fraction of gyroid phase.

The thin film morphologies of (PS-15.3k-branch-PDMS-5k)₃₀ was also characterized. Well-ordered periodic cylindrical microdomains with 20 nm period and 10 nm line width were obtained for a sample drop-cast from toluene, slowly evaporated for 72 h, and plasma etched (FIG. 4A). FIG. 4B shows the annealed thin film morphology of a 28 nm as-cast film consisting of cylinders and spheres with average domain spacing of 25 nm. Hole formation suggested that the thickness of the film was insufficient to form a monolayer of microdomains. The structure is believed to consist of a wetting layer of PDMS blocks at the substrate and air interface surrounding a layer of PS, with poorly ordered rounded or linear microdomains protruding from the wetting layer. For a film with as-cast thickness of 50 nm, cylindrical microdomains oriented parallel to the substrate were achieved without terrace formation over macroscopic areas (FIG. 4C). Each microdomain appeared to be split longitudinally, which may be attributed to oxygen etching of the butyl terminus of the PDMS sidechain. In contrast, a thermally annealed 50 nm thick film produced a kinetically trapped state consisting of poorly ordered cylinders or an interpenetrated gyroid-like structure (FIG. 4D), with average domain spacing of 20 nm similar to the period of the drop-cast bulk BBCP.

These results indicate that solvent vapor annealing promotes microphase separation with improved ordering compared to thermal annealing. The large χ leads to a high thermodynamic driving force for microphase separation and a high order-disorder transition (ODT) temperature.¹¹ During solvent vapor annealing, solvent uptake by the film screens the strong interaction between blocks and lowers the diffusion barrier of the polymer chains, enhancing the microphase separation kinetics.¹² Additionally, in contrast to the conventional linear BCP systems with comparable high MW, the reduced chain entanglement arising from the steric hindrance between the densely grafted side chains in the BBCP system expedites the self-assembly.¹³

Next, the bulk assembly of BMM 2 (FIG. 2, Scheme 1), PDMS-5k-branch-PtBA-3.6k (0.41 PtBA volume fraction), which was polymerized to form DP=25, 50, and 100 BBCPs was investigated. The BMM itself phase-separated, but only a single peak was observed by SAXS, which suggested limited ordering. Furthermore, freshly annealed BBCP samples also displayed one broad peak; they could not be indexed to any morphology. After eight months at ambient conditions, however, the scattering profiles of the DP=25 and 50 BBCPs had become highly ordered. As shown in FIG. 5A, the ratio of q_(i)/q₁, where q_(i) is the scattering vector at the ith order diffraction peak, precisely matched that of the gyroid phase (√6, 29 8, √14, √16, √20, √22, √24), where q₁=0.481 nm⁻¹ and 0.472 nm⁻¹ for the 25 and 50 unit BBCPs, respectively. The DP=100 BBCP also displayed higher order peaks, but could not be indexed accurately due to the peak broadness. Nonetheless, these data represent observation of a pure gyroid phase in BBCP assembly, which is made possible by the unique A-branch-B BBCP architecture. SCFT simulation of a low χN=12 A-branch-B BBCP recapitulated a bicontinuous gyroid window for f_(A)=0.44-0.46 (FIG. 5B).

BMM 3 with PS of MW=4.6k and PtBA of MW=4.6k and resulting BBCPs was investigated also. In this case, the BMM was disordered, but the SAXS profile of the DP=10 BBCP displayed broad principal and higher-order peaks that were indexed as lamellae (FIG. 6A). The SAXS patterns of the DP=20, 30, and 40 BBCPs displayed sharp peaks that were also indexed to a lamellar morphology. In this system, the BMM components (PS and PtBA) were chosen to have lower χ than the examples above. The fact that the BMM itself does not phase-separate while the BBCPs do, i.e., the ODT is shifted upon polymerization, suggests that pre-organization of the sidechains along the dense BBCP backbone reduces the entropic penalty of self-assembly that the BMM suffers.

However, polymerization of the BMM lowered the critical χA₀N to 11.03 at DP=29, and lead to stretching of the sidechains (increase in L₀), which facilitates phase separation. These results suggest that the A-branch-B BBCP structure could enhance the assembly of short BCPs, and thereby provide access to ultra-small domains sizes via an architectural approach.¹⁴

The synthesis of the disclosed families of A-branch-B BBCPs demonstrate that these polymers have several unique advantages in the context of self-assembly. For example, polymerization-induced changes in bulk morphology and the ODT were observed, along with gyroid phases in BBCPs. Furthermore, the achievement of ˜20 nm domain spacing in thin film assemblies from the high molecular weight BBCP breaks the conventional χN limitation.¹¹

Experimental Procedures

All anhydrous and HPLC grade solvents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich or Alfa Aesar and used as supplied unless otherwise stated. Anhydrous, degassed dichloromethane (DCM) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were used from a J. C. Meyer solvent purification system. HPLC grade DCM and THF were sparged vigorously with argon for at least one hour before being connected to the solvent purification system. All reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich or Alfa Aesar unless otherwise stated. All chromatography was performed on EMD Millipore silica gel 60, particle size 0.040-0.063 mm (230-400 mesh) on a BIOTAGE® ISOLERA PRIME™ flash purification system. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) was performed with a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL on an Agilent 1260 Infinity system in THF, calibrated with monodisperse linear polystyrene standards and equipped with a UV diode array detector and a differential refractive index (dRI) detector. The GPC was run at a flow rate of 1 mL/minute at 35° C. and the ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectra were acquired on 500 MHz Varian INOVA or 400 MHz Bruker AVANCE spectrometers. Spectra were calibrated by the residual solvent signal in deuterated solvent (CDCl₃), which was purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. NMR spectra were processed in MestReNova 10.0.2, 2D SAXS data were azimuthally averaged and plotted using RAW 0.99.9.13b or by the EPICS system in MatLab at the Advanced Photon Source.

SAXS Sample Preparation and Measurements

Dried samples from ROMPs were wet with 15-50 μL of THF to form thick, barely dissolved solutions. A small amount of the material was removed with a spatula or pipet tip and used to fill the hole of a circular washer that acted as a sample holder (outer diameter: 24 mm, inner diameter: 2 mm, thickness: 1 mm). Samples were then placed in a vacuum oven, evacuated, and heated to 145° C. for six hours. The vacuum oven was allowed to cool overnight and then vented to the atmosphere.

Transmission SAXS was conducted at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) at the G1 beamline or beamline 12-ID-B at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Lab. The sample to detector distance used at CHESS was 1.250 m and the wavelength of the beam was 1.268 Å. At APS, the sample to detector distance used was 1.9081 m and the wavelength of the beam was 0.886 Å.

AFM Imaging

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging was performed using an Asylum Research MFP-3D. Samples were drop cast from a 10 mg/mL solution in toluene on a silicon wafer that was washed sequentially with hexane and acetone three times each. The silicon wafer was fixed to a glass microscope slide using a piece of double sided tape and the sample was allowed to slowly dry in a petri dish for one hour. Then the sample was annealed in a 140° C. oven for 30 minutes.

SEM Imaging

The BBCP was spin-coated from a 2 wt % toluene solution onto silicon substrates with a native oxide layer and then solvent annealed under toluene vapor, which is a partially selective solvent for the PS block The as-cast film thickness is measured by spectral reflectometry (Filmetrics F20). To induce microphase separation at room temperature, the BBCP thin films were solvent annealed under toluene vapor, which is a partially selective solvent for the PS block, at 298 K for 30 min. Solvent vapor annealing was performed in an 80 cm³ chamber filled with 3 cm³ of toluene liquid at ambient temperature for 30 min. During the solvent annealing process, the vapor pressure decreased as the solvent liquid gradually evaporated. After a total process time of 30 min, the lid was slowly removed and the film dried completely. For comparison, thermal annealing was implemented at 130° C. for 30 min in a vacuum oven. The annealed samples were subjected to a two-step reactive ion etching process in a Plasma-Therm 790 consisting of 5 sec, 50 W CF₄ plasma at 15 mTorr to remove the top surface layer of PDMS, followed by a 30 sec, 90 W O₂ plasma at 6 mTorr to remove the PS and produce robust oxidized PDMS microdomains on the substrate. Image analysis was performed with a Zeiss Merlin high-resolution scanning electron microscope at 3 kV as shown in FIG. 4.

Computation and Modeling

The effect of the polymer architecture of an (AB)_(m)C_(m+1) block polymer on the characteristics of self-assembly was studied. The backbone polymer C is assumed to be neutral when interacting with the AB side chains (χ_(AC)=χ_(BC)=0) where x is the Flory Huggins parameter. This is motivated by noting that AB chains will be already extended away from the interface by the effect of χ_(AB). Hence, the interaction between side chains AB and the backbone C should be minimal. By doing so, the role of chain architecture on the self-assembled morphologies compared to simple AB diblock copolymers can be elucidated.

The backbone C and the AB side chains are modeled as flexible Gaussian chains¹⁵ with degree of polymerization N_(i) (i=A, B, or C). Along the contour of the backbone C, there are m AB junctions dividing the backbone into m+1 equal segments. For simplicity, all molecules are assumed to have equal statistical segment length b and the melt is incompressible. In this regards, a reference radius of gyration R_(g)=b(N/6)^(1/2), which is that of a linear triblock N=N_(A)+N_(B)+2NC. Rg sets the length scale of the polymer morphology. In addition, N_(tot) is the whole molecule degree of polymerization where N_(tot)=m(N_(A)+N_(B))+(m+1)NC.¹⁶ Hence, the total block volume fractions are calculated as follows f_(i)=mN_(i)/N_(tot) for i=A and B and f_(C)=(m+1)N_(C)/N_(tot). The geometric ratio α=N/N_(tot) acts as a scaling factor for the free energy expression as discussed below.¹⁶

The canonical partition function of a melt of a bottlebrush polymer with ABC blocks, in the field representation can be written.¹⁷

$\begin{matrix} {{Z = {\int{{DW}_{A}{DW}_{B}{DW}_{C}{DPD}\;\varphi_{A}D\;\varphi_{B}D\;\varphi_{C}e^{{{- {F{\lbrack{W_{i},{\varphi\; i},P}\rbrack}}}/k_{B}}T}}}}{{And},}} & ({S1}) \\ {\frac{\alpha\; F}{{nk}_{B}T} = {{\frac{1}{V}{\int{{dr}\left( {{\sum\limits_{i < j}{\chi_{ij}N\;\phi_{i}\phi_{j}}} - {\sum\limits_{i}{W_{i}\phi_{i}}} + {P\left( {\sum\limits_{i}\left( {\phi_{i} - 1} \right)} \right)}} \right)}}} - {{\alpha ln}\;{Q\left\lbrack W_{i} \right\rbrack}}}} & ({S2}) \end{matrix}$

Where n is the number of molecules in the melt. V is the system volume and χ_(ij) is the Flory Huggins parameter between species i and j. Q[Q_(i)] is the single chain partition function describing the conformational entropy of the Gaussian chain in W fields.

The architecture of the molecule is constructed using six propagators q_(i)(r, s_(i), k) and q_(i) ⁺(r, s_(i), k) where s, is a variable parameterizing the contour of chain of type i and k is the segment number. The polymer probability distributions q, and q_(i) ⁺ satisfy the modified diffusion equation

$\begin{matrix} {{\frac{\partial}{\partial s_{i}}q} = {{R_{g}^{2}{\nabla^{2}q}} - {W_{i}q}}} & ({S3}) \end{matrix}$

Hence, the applied field W_(i) matches the block type of contour variable s_(i) when solving equation S3. The key step in constructing the polymer structure is identifying the initial conditions for every propagator. In this regard, q_(A)(r,0,k)=q_(B)(r,0,k)=1; q_(C)(r,0,1)=q⁺ _(C)(r,N_(C),m+1)=1; q_(C)(r,0,k)=q_(A)(r,N_(A),k)*q_(B)(r,N_(B),k)*q_(C)(r,N_(C),k−1); q⁺ _(A)(r,N_(A),k)=q_(B)(r,N_(B),k)*q_(C)(r,N_(C),k)*q⁺ _(C)(r,N_(C),m+1−k); q_(B) ⁺(r,N_(B),k)=q_(A)(r,N_(A),k)*q_(C)(r,N_(C),k)*q⁺ _(C)(r,N_(C),m+1−k); q⁺ _(C)(r,N_(C),k)=q_(A)(r,N_(A),k)*q_(B)(r,N_(B),k)*q⁺ _(C)(r,0,k−1) where kϵ[1,m]. The modified diffusion equation is solved using the pseudospectral method with operator splitting scheme.¹⁸ Accordingly, the single chain partition function can be written as Q=1/αV∫dr q_(C)(r, N_(C),m+1).

Minimization of the free energy F to the fields, density, and pressure leads to the following set of equations that have to be solved self-consistently.¹⁸

$\begin{matrix} {{\phi_{A} = {\frac{1}{QN}{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{m}{\int_{0}^{N_{A}}{{{dsq}_{A}\left( {r,s_{A},k} \right)}{q_{A}^{+}\left( {r,s_{A},k} \right)}}}}}}{\phi_{B} = {\frac{1}{QN}{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{m}{\int_{0}^{N_{B}}{{{dsq}_{B}\left( {r,s_{B},k} \right)}{q_{B}^{+}\left( {r,s_{B},k} \right)}}}}}}{\phi_{C} = {\frac{1}{QN}{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{m + 1}{\int_{0}^{N_{C}}{{{dsq}_{C}\left( {r,s_{C},k} \right)}{q_{C}^{+}\left( {r,s_{C},k} \right)}}}}}}{{W_{A}(r)} = {{\chi_{AB}N\;{\phi_{B}(r)}} + {\chi_{AC}N\;{\phi_{C}(r)}} + {P(r)}}}{{W_{B}(r)} = {{\chi_{AB}N\;{\phi_{A}(r)}} + {\chi_{BC}N\;{\phi_{C}(r)}} + {P(r)}}}{{W_{C}(r)} = {{\chi_{AC}N\;{\phi_{A}(r)}} + {\chi_{BC}N\;{\phi_{B}(r)}} + {P(r)}}}{{{\phi_{A}(r)} + {\phi_{B}(r)} + {\phi_{C}(r)}} = 1}} & ({S4}) \end{matrix}$

The numerical solution of the SCFT equations to study phase separation of the bottlebrush polymer is initialized through random fields W_(i) 's that are used to solve the modified diffusion equation (S3). The calculated propagators are employed to estimate Q and accordingly the density distributions. The fields W_(i) 's and P are updated using a numerical relaxation scheme.¹⁹

In order to explore the effect of polymer architecture on the characteristics of self-assembly, a series of simulations of a lamellar structure (projected to striped domains in 2D) maintaining N_(i) the same while changing the number of segments m were conducted. By doing so, the bottlebrush volume fractions f⁰ _(i)=N_(i)/N are fixed, while the total block volume fractions are changing f_(i). In this work the degree of polymerization of the equivalent linear triblock at N=100 was maintained. The composition profile is first calculated to analyze the degree of segregation. The computation cell has a pixel size of 0.2Rg, while the number of pixels is changed for every m to achieve a relaxed structure with a minimum in the system free energy (S2). The striped structure is formed at f⁰ _(A)=f⁰ _(B)=0.48, f⁰ _(C)=0.02.

FIG. 10 compares the normalized density profile of block A (ϕ_(A)) for five different polymers with increasing number of segments m at a relatively low degree of segregation χ_(AB)N=13. It is shown that the degree of segregation is quite low for a single AB chain as ϕ_(A) peaks at ˜80%. This is expected for the low magnitude of χ_(AB)N driving the phase separation; However, increasing the magnitude of m from one to nine segments causes O_(A) to sharply rise, after which it reaches almost a constant value of ϕ_(A)˜96%. It is interesting to note that the interface remains diffuse despite the increase in the effect strength of segregation. In addition, the improvement in the degree of segregation is reflected in the equilibrium domain spacing L₀ as was shown in FIG. 10. FIG. 10 demonstrates the increase of L₀ as a function of m. The effect is quite prominent when the number segments m˜9 after which it plateaus. Tethering more AB chains to the backbone increased the equilibrium spacing from 3.37R_(g) (m=1) to 4.87R_(g) at (m=29) with an increase of ˜45%.

Studying the onset of phase separation for the lamellar structure revealed a shift in the critical χ_(AB)N to a higher value of 11.25 for m=1. This is significantly larger than the case of pure AB diblock copolymer of 50/50 volume fraction that phase separates at 10.49. However, the increase of number of segments m improves the onset of phase separation to 11.03 at m=29.

The SCFT results shed light on the unique features of the new architecture of the bottlebrush polymer. The ability to regulate the spacing between the brush chains adds an extra constraint on the chain accessible volume. The close packing of the side chains forces the ends to stretch away from the interface. This is inferred from the increase of L₀ beyond the ideal value of a diblock (L^(ideal) ₀˜3.86Rg)^(1(a)). The behavior becomes more prominent as the number of side chains increase where the polymer deviates from a star like structure to a bottlebrush structure. In the SCFT analysis, the transition occurs as the number of segments increases above nine. The chain distribution can be better understood if we analyze a single chain propagating in an applied field. In this regard, we freeze the equilibrium W_(i) fields and change the initial condition of qc(r_(o),0,1)=1, where r_(o) is any point in space with a large relative density of C (ϕC). In the current polymer structure, ϕC is maximum at the AB interface. FIG. 11 compares the probability distribution of a short (m=4) and long (m=29) chains propagating along the AB interface. The probability of finding the chain end can be accurately fit by two Gaussians to determine the spread as shown in the insets. The dotted background lines are for ϕA.

By plotting the propagator of the end point q_(C)(r,N_(C),m+1), the root mean square end-to-end √<R2> distance can be calculated. FIG. 8 showed the evolution of the √<R2> as a function of the size of the backbone C. Normal to the AB interface, the chain size remains almost constant with increasing the backbone size. This is consistent with the diffuse interface observed in the density profile of FIG. 9. However, the chain size was observed to continuously grow along the interface as the number of segments m increases. The chain growth closely follows a power law of √<R2>˜N^(0.54) which is slightly larger than the ideal chain model of √<R2>˜N^(0.5), see FIG. 8. The increase of the power law hints on the fact that chain C is also stretched in order to accommodate the dense packing of the side AB chains.

The 3D analysis of the bottlebrush structure can provide more information on chain packing and the conditions under which particular morphologies might emerge. Here, a simple phase diagram at m=4 and at two degrees of segregation χ_(AB)N=12 and χ_(AB)N=17 was constructed. The resulting morphologies when changing f_(A) between 0.3 and 0.5 was studied. This goes slightly beyond the f_(A)=f_(B) point due to the presence of C. f⁰ _(C) is kept constant at the previously mentioned value. A cubic computational cell of 60 pixels a side was used. Every pixel has magnitude of 0.2R_(g). FIG. 9 shows the resulting phases, where the χ_(AB)N=17 exhibits only two phases of lamellae and cylinders. The transition happens at f_(A)˜0.36. No gyroid structure was observed. In addition, spherical BCC structure was not generated in the range of f_(A) studied. On the other hand, the low χ_(AB)N=12 demonstrated a different behavior where the lamellar structure persisted in the range of f_(A)>0.46. Below which a window of gyroid structure emerged at f_(A)=0.44-0.46. Lower than that, defective bicontinuous domains were generated till the disordered phase appeared below. f_(A)=0.4. The results indicate that the bottlebrush structure can stabilize a gyroid phase at low χ_(AB)N. This can be expected with the ability of structure of introduce curvature in the case of unequal side-chain size.

Synthetic Procedures

Bromide-terminated polystyrene (PS—Br) was synthesized according to literature procedure, using the activator regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP protocol.²⁰ Bromide-terminated poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA-Br) was synthesized according to literature procedure, using standard ATRP conditions.²¹

Grubbs Catalyst

A modified 3rd generation Grubbs' catalyst was synthesized according to literature procedure from the second generation Grubbs' catalyst, provided by Materia, Inc.²³ The catalyst was weighed into 4 mL vials under ambient conditions and stored in the glovebox. The catalyst was then dissolved in the requisite amount of THF to produce a 5 mg/mL stock solution inside the glovebox. The correct volume of stock solution was then dispensed to each reaction vial using a micropippetor. After 2.5 hours, the reactions were removed from the glovebox and quenched with three to five drops of ethyl vinyl ether. An aliquot of the reaction mixture was removed for GPC analysis.

Synthesis of PS—N₃

PS—Br was converted to azide-terminated polystyrene (PS—N₃) using the procedure below. The starting material was not completely purified before proceeding to the azidation; anisole and trace styrene were carried through and removed during the step below. The procedure below is based on PS of M_(n): 4600.

To a dry 500 mL round bottom flask was added 23.3 g of PS—Br and 1.33 g of sodium azide. The flask was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times. Then, approximately 130 mL of anhydrous DMF was cannulated into the flask under nitrogen. The reaction was then heated to 50° C. overnight under aluminum foil. After 18 hours, the reaction was cooled to room temperature and diluted with 200 mL of toluene. The organic layer was washed five times with water and once with brine. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was then redissolved in THF and precipitated by dropwise addition to a stirring beaker of methanol (80-100 mL/g of PS). The product was collected by filtration through a medium fritted glass funnel.

PS2300: The product was collected as a white powder. 9.76 g

PS3300: The product was collected as a white powder. 13.70 g

PS4600: The product was collected as a white powder. 21.18 g

PS6400: The product was collected as a white powder. 25.30 g

PS8200: The product was collected as a white powder. 10.1 g

PS9200: The product was collected as a white powder. 11.02 g

PS 10300: The product was collected as a white powder. 10.50 g

PS 15300: The product was collected as a white powder. 9.19 g

Synthesis of PtBA-N₃

PtBA-Br was converted to azide-terminated PtBA (PtBA-Ns) using the procedure below. The starting material was not completely purified before proceeding to the azidation; anisole and trace tert-butyl acrylate were carried through and removed during the step below. The procedure below is based on PtBA of M_(n): 4600.

To a dry 500 mL round bottom flask was added 16 g of PtBA-Br and 1.33 g of sodium azide. The flask was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times. Then, approximately 130 mL of anhydrous DMF was cannulated into the flask under nitrogen. The reaction was then heated to 50° C. overnight under aluminum foil. After 18 hours, the reaction was cooled to room temperature and diluted with 200 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed five times with water and once with brine. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was then redissolved in DCM and chromatographed on silica using a 0 to 8% methanol/DCM gradient. The product eluted at approximately 5-6% methanol. The product was collected and the solvent was evaporated on a rotary evaporator. The rotation and vacuum were controlled such that the product dried as a foam inside the flask. The flask was then dried on a vacuum line overnight. Foaming during concentration and drying allows for facile collection of the product by scraping from the inside of the flask.

PtBA 3.6k: 8.5 g

PtBA 4.6k: 11 g

Synthesis of Compound S1

This compound was synthesized from cis-endo-Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride according to literature procedure.^(6(a))

Nb-PDMS-alkyne (Compound S2)

To a flame-dried 100 mL round bottom flask was added 844.6 mg (2.1 mmol, 1 equiv) of compound S1, 9.74 g (2.1 mmol, 1 equiv) of PDMS (M_(n): 5000) monocarbinol (from Gelest MCR-C18), 1.2 g (6.3 mmol, 3 equiv) of EDC-HCl, and 51 mg (0.42 mmol, 0.2 equiv) of DMAP. The flask was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times, after which 20 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and loaded directly onto a silica gel column. The column was first flushed with 100% dichloromethane to remove excess PDMS monocarbinol and the polarity was increased with a gradient to 8% methanol in dichloromethane to elute the desired product at approximately 6-7% methanol. The product was isolated as a viscous, slightly yellow oil. 8.03 g, 71% yield.

Nb-PLA-alkyne

Nb-PLA-alkyne could also be prepared from compound S1 by incorporation of poly(lactic acid).

Synthesis of Macromonomers 1 and 2

Macromonomer 1 was synthesized with eight different Mn of PS-N3: 2300, 3300, 4600, 6400, 8200, 9200, 10,300, and 15,300. The same procedure was used for each molecular weight combination. Below is a representative protocol with PS of 4600 Mn.

To a 20 mL microwave vial was added 1.251 g (0.23 mmol, 1 equiv) of compound S2 via syringe. Then 1.53 g (0.33 mmol, 1.33 equiv) of PS-N3 (Mn: 4600) was added. The mixture was dissolved in 8 mL of THF and the vial was sealed with a PTFE-lined septum and aluminum crimp-top cap. The septum was pierced with a nitrogen inlet needle and an outlet needle and the solution was sparged for 45 minutes with nitrogen. The needles were carefully removed and the holes were sealed with electrical tape. The vial was brought into a nitrogen atmosphere glovebox, after which 1 mL of a stock solution of CuBr/Me₆ TREN in toluene was added. The vial was then heated to 52° C. in the glovebox for 24 hours. In order to remove excess PS—N₃ and/or Nb-PDMS-alkyne, the vial was opened in the glovebox and 300 mg of azide-functionalized PS beads (average 4 mmol/gram), 300 mg of alkyne-functionalized PS beads (average 4 mmol/gram), and an extra 0.5 mL of the same CuBr/Me₆ TREN catalyst solution were added. The reaction was resealed and stirred for a minimum of 24 extra hours. To quench the reaction, the vial was removed from the glovebox, opened to air, and 5-10 mL of HPLC grade (not anhydrous or deoxygenated) THF was added and allowed to stir for at least 5 minutes. A 1 inch diameter column was packed with 4-5 inches of activated neutral alumina and equilibrated with HPLC-grade THF. To remove the majority of the copper, the reaction mixture, including the beads, were directly applied to the column, which was then flushed with approximately three column volumes of THF. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure at 40° C. to remove as much residual THF and toluene as possible. The product was redissolved in dichloromethane and chromatographed on silica gel using a 0→8% methanol/DCM gradient. The majority of the product eluted at approximately 6-7% methanol. The product was collected and dried under vacuum. 2.17 g, 98% yield.

PS2300/PDMS5000: The product was collected as a waxy solid. 2.1 g, 65% yield

PS3300/PDMS5000: The product was collected as a white, waxy solid. 2.42 g, 72% yield

PS4600/PDMS5000: The product was collected as a slightly waxy, white solid. 1.69 g, 70% yield

PS6400/PDMS5000: The product was collected as a white solid. 1.70 g, 93% yield

PS8200/PDMS5000: The product was collected as a white solid. 1.50 g, 87% yield

PS9200/PDMS5000: The product was collected as a white solid. 1.82 g, 68% yield

PS10300/PDMS5000: The product was collected as a white solid. 1.35 g, 38% yield

PS15300/PDMS5000: The product was collected as a white solid. 1.09 g, 72% yield

Preparation of CuBr/Me₆ TREN Catalyst Solution

CuBr was first purified according to literature procedure to remove Cu(II) salts.²² CuBr was first weighed in a 40 mL scintillation vial inside a glovebox. The CuBr was then dispersed in toluene to a concentration of 20 mg/mL. Then, 1.1 equivalents of Me₆ TREN was added dropwise to the solution. The solution was stable for several weeks at a time. Some Cu(0) precipitated due to disproportionation, but did not seem to affect the reaction.

Synthesis of Macromonomer 2

Macromonomer 2 was synthesized in the same manner as macromonomer 1 but with PtBA-N3 as the azide for the copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The product was isolated a sticky, gummy wax that initially foamed under vacuum. 1.727 g, 92% yield.

Synthesis of Compound S3

To a 20 mL microwave vial was added 2.09 g (0.45 mmol, 1 equiv) of PS—N₃ (Mn: 4600). The mixture was dissolved in 8 mL of THF and the vial was sealed with a PTFE-lined septum and aluminum crimp-top cap. The septum was pierced with a nitrogen inlet needle and an outlet needle and the solution was sparged for 45 minutes with nitrogen. The needles were carefully removed and the holes were sealed with electrical tape. The vial was brought into a nitrogen atmosphere glovebox, after which 250 μL (244 mg, 4.5 mmol, 10 equiv) of propargyl alcohol and 1 mL of a stock solution of CuBr/Me₆ TREN in toluene was added (vide infra). The vial was then heated to 52° C. in the glovebox for 24 hours. In order to remove excess PS—N₃, the vial was opened in the glovebox and 300 mg of alkyne-functionalized polystyrene beads (average 4 mmol/gram), and an extra 0.5 mL of the same CuBr/Me₆ TREN catalyst solution were added. The reaction was resealed and stirred for a minimum of 24 extra hours. To quench the reaction, the vial was removed from the glovebox, opened to air, and 5-10 mL of HPLC grade (not anhydrous or deoxygenated) THF was added and allowed to stir for at least 5 minutes. A 1 inch diameter column was packed with 4-5 inches of activated neutral alumina and equilibrated with HPLC-grade THF. To remove the majority of the copper, the reaction mixture, including the beads, were directly applied to the column, which was then flushed with approximately three column volumes of THF. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure at 40° C. to remove as much residual THF and toluene as possible. The product was redissolved in dichloromethane and chromatographed on silica gel using a 0→8% methanol/DCM gradient. The majority of the product eluted at approximately 4-5% methanol. The product, compound S3, was collected and dried under vacuum. 1.513 g, 72% yield.

Synthesis of Compound S4

To a flame-dried 50 mL round bottom flask was added 128 mg (0.322 mmol, 1 equiv) of compound S1, 1.513 g (0.322 mmol, 1 equiv) of compound S3, 154 mg (0.805 mmol, 2.5 equiv) of EDC.HCl, and 11.8 mg (0.1 mmol, 0.3 equiv) of DMAP. The flask was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times, after which 10 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and loaded directly onto a silica gel column. The column was first flushed with 100%/o dichloromethane to remove excess PDMS monocarbinol and the polarity was increased with a gradient to 8% methanol in dichloromethane to elute the desired product at approximately 6-7% methanol. The product was isolated as white solid. 1.26 g, 78% yield.

Synthesis of Macromonomer 3

To a 20 mL microwave vial was added 1.267 g (0.253 mmol, 1 equiv) of compound S4 and 1.170 g (0.253 mmol, equiv) of PtBA-N₃ (M_(n): 4600). The mixture was dissolved in 8 mL of THF and the vial was sealed with a PTFE-lined septum and aluminum crimp-top cap. The septum was pierced with a nitrogen inlet needle and an outlet needle and the solution was sparged for 45 minutes with nitrogen. The needles were carefully removed and the holes were sealed with electrical tape. The vial was brought into a nitrogen atmosphere glovebox, after which 1 mL of a stock solution of CuBr/Me₆ TREN in toluene was added (vide infra). The vial was then heated to 52° C. in the glovebox for 24 hours. In order to remove excess PtBA-N₃ and S4 the vial was opened in the glovebox and 300 mg of alkyne-functionalized polystyrene beads (average 4 mmol/gram), 300 mg of azide-functionalized PS beads (average 4 mmol/gram), and an extra 0.5 mL of the same CuBr/Me₆ TREN catalyst solution were added. The reaction was resealed and stirred for a minimum of 24 extra hours. To quench the reaction, the vial was removed from the glovebox, opened to air, and 5-10 mL of HPLC grade (not anhydrous or deoxygenated) THF was added and allowed to stir for at least 5 minutes. A 1 inch diameter column was packed with 4-5 inches of activated neutral alumina and equilibrated with HPLC-grade THF. To remove the majority of the copper, the reaction mixture, including the beads, were directly applied to the column, which was then flushed with approximately three column volumes of THF. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure at 40° C. to remove as much residual THF and toluene as possible. The product was redissolved in dichloromethane and chromatographed on silica gel using a 0→8% methanol/DCM gradient. The majority of the product eluted at approximately 7% methanol. The product was collected and dried under vacuum. 1.941 g, 77% yield.

Synthesis of Nb—PS-Branch-PLA

In analogous fashion, Nb—PS-branch-PLA was prepared from Nb-PLA-alkyne.

ROMP of Macromonomers

All ROMPs were performed in 2 mL vials equipped with Teflon stir bars and PTFE-lined caps. For macromonomers that could be easily scraped (i.e. 1 for PS 3300 and above and 3), 50 mg of the material were weighed out into glass vials. The vials were brought into the glovebox and then dissolved in 50 μL of THF while stirring. For macromonomers that were too waxy or intractable to handle with a spatula (i.e. 1 for PS 2300 and 2), the macromonomers were first dried under vacuum in a 20 mL scintillation vial and then brought into a glovebox. Anhydrous THF was added to dissolve the macromonomer at a concentration of 500 mg/mL; the density of the polymer was taken to be 1 g/mL in order to account for its volume. The macromonomer stock solution was then dispensed to 2 mL vials using a micropipettor.

In addition to the synthesis of 1-3, the following bottlebrush polymer (4) was synthesized in analogous fashion:

Bottlebrush polymer 4 (n=50) exhibited a larger periodicity than the macromonomer employed for its preparation. AFM of surface bulk samples showed ordered morphology.

Diblock bottlebrush copolymers (5) and (6) were also prepared in analogous fashion, but employing standard techniques of sequential polymerization for formation of the diblock copolymers. The following sets of diblock copolymers were prepared accordingly:

Bottlebrush copolymer 5 (n=25, 50, 100) showed ordered lamellar morphology Brushes of higher DP appeared to be photonic crystals. Bottlebrush copolymer 6 (n=25) was visible by SAXS, but internal sidechain features were not highly ordered (annealed at 120° C.). Brushes appeared to be photonic crystals.

BBCP containing monodisperse PLA and PDMS with molecular weight of 1000 were also synthesized. A ultra-small d-spacing of 5.68 nm, i.e., 2.84 nm single phase domain size, was observed in the long range ordered phase separation of PLA₈-branch-PDMS 1000 BBCP. Subscript stands for the degree of polymerization (DP) of a monodisperse sidechain polymer (FIG. 27).

BBCP containing both monodisperse PLA and PDMS sidechains were also synthesized and characterized. d-Spacings BBCP samples with backbone DP of 100 are summarized in Table 2. The morphology of each sample is provided in the parenthesis. DIS: disordered. L: lamellae.

TABLE 2 d-Spacings of BBCP containing monodisperse PLA and PDMS sidechains PLA₈ PLA₁₂ PLA₁₆ PDMS₇ 4.24 nm (DIS) 5.15 nm (DIS) 5.93 nm (DIS/L) PDMS₁₁ 5.11 nm (DIS) 6.30 nm (L) 7.03 nm (L) PDMS₁₅ 5.82 nm (DIS) 6.85 nm (L) 7.73 nm (L) PS/PLA Bottlebrush Polymers with Gyroid Morphologies

In addition to the PDMS/PS, PDMS/PtBA AB branched bottlebrush polymers PS/PLA AB branched bottlebrush polymers were also prepared as shown in the scheme below. These BBCPs had surprising gyroid morphologies; in particular, (PS4.7k-br-PLA3.8k)_(n) as shown in FIG. 28.

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EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE

In the claims, articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.

Furthermore, the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim. Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the invention, or aspects of the invention, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements and/or features, certain embodiments of the invention or aspects of the invention consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and/or features. For purposes of simplicity, those embodiments have not been specifically set forth in haec verba herein.

It is also noted that the terms “comprising” and “containing” are intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps. Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or sub-range within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

This application refers to various issued patents, published patent applications, journal articles, and other publications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. If there is a conflict between any of the incorporated references and the instant specification, the specification shall control. In addition, any particular embodiment of the present invention that falls within the prior art may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Because such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they may be excluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment of the invention can be excluded from any claim, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.

Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. The scope of the present embodiments described herein is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications to this description may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention, as defined in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A bottlebrush polymer comprising a backbone of repeating units covalently linked to polymeric sidechains, wherein each repeating unit is linked to at least two different polymeric sidechains; and the polymer is capable of self-assembling into structures having a gyroid morphology.
 2. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 1, wherein at least one polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is a polysiloxane.
 3. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 2, wherein the polysiloxane is of the formula:

wherein: R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkoxy; R² is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkoxy; and q is an integer between 1 and 1000, inclusive.
 4. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 2, wherein the polysiloxane is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
 5. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 1, wherein the bottlebrush polymer is of Formula (I):

or a salt thereof, wherein: G^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof; each of L¹, L³, L^(A), and L^(B) is independently a divalent linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof; L² is a trivalent linker comprising optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof; each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio; n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive; A is a polysiloxane having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da.
 6. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 5, wherein the bottlebrush polymer is of Formula (I-a):

or a salt thereof.
 7. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 5, wherein A is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
 8. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 5, wherein B is a polyether, a polyester, a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, or a vinyl polymer.
 9. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 5, wherein B is polystyrene.
 10. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 5, wherein A is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); and B is polystyrene.
 11. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 5, wherein B is a polyacrylate.
 12. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 5, wherein A is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); and B is poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA).
 13. A self-assembled material comprising the bottlebrush polymer of claim
 1. 14. A method of preparing a self-assembled material, the method comprising annealing the bottlebrush polymer of claim
 1. 15. A method of preparing a bottlebrush polymer of claim 1, the method comprising forming the bottlebrush polymer via polymerization reactions.
 16. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 1, wherein one polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is a polysiloxane; and another polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is polystyrene.
 17. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 1, wherein one polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); and another polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is polystyrene.
 18. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 17, wherein the PDMS sidechains have a molecular weight from about 4,500 Da to about 5,500 Da; and the polystyrene sidechains have a molecular weight from about 8,000 Da to about 9,500 Da.
 19. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 1, wherein one polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is a polysiloxane; and another polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is a polyacrylate.
 20. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 1, wherein one polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); and another polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is poly(tert-butylacrylate) (PtBA).
 21. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 20, wherein the PDMS sidechains have a molecular weight from about 4,500 Da to about 5,500 Da; and the PtBA sidechains have a molecular weight from about 3,000 Da to about 4,000 Da.
 22. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 1, wherein one polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is polystyrene; and another polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is a polyester.
 23. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 1, wherein one polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is polystyrene; and another polymeric sidechain of each repeating unit is polylactic acid (PLA).
 24. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 23, wherein the polystyrene sidechains have a molecular weight from about 4,000 Da to about 5,000 Da; and wherein the PLA sidechains have a molecular weight from about 3,000 Da to about 4,000 Da.
 25. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 1, wherein the bottlebrush polymer is selected from the group consisting of PS_(8.2k)-branch-PDMS_(5k), PS_(9.2k)-branch-PDMS_(5k), PDMS₅-branch-PtBA_(3.6k), and PS_(4.7k)-branch-PLA_(3.8k).
 26. A bottlebrush polymer, wherein the bottlebrush polymer is of Formula (I):

or a salt thereof, wherein: G^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof; each of L¹, L³, L^(A), and L^(B) is independently a divalent linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof; L² is a trivalent linker comprising optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof; each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio; n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive; A is a polysiloxane having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da.
 27. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 26, wherein the bottlebrush polymer is of Formula (I-a):

or a salt thereof.
 28. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 26, wherein A is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
 29. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 26, wherein B is a polyether, a polyester, a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, or a vinyl polymer.
 30. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 26, wherein B is polystyrene.
 31. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 26, wherein A is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); and B is polystyrene.
 32. The polymer of claim 26, wherein B is a polyacrylate.
 33. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 26, wherein A is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); and B is poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA).
 34. The polymer of claim 26, wherein B is a polyester.
 35. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 26, wherein A is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); and B is poly(lactic acid) (PLA).
 36. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 26, wherein the bottlebrush polymer is of Formula (I-c):

or a salt thereof, wherein: each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl; n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; p is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; and q is an integer between 25 and 260, inclusive; wherein the ratio of q:p is about 2.6:1.
 37. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 26, wherein the bottlebrush polymer is of Formula (I-d):

or a salt thereof, wherein: each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl; n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; r is an integer between 20 and 200, inclusive; and q is an integer between 20 and 200, inclusive; wherein the ratio of q:r is about 1:1.2 to about 1:1.3.
 38. The bottlebrush polymer of claim 26, wherein the bottlebrush polymer of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-e):

or a salt thereof, wherein: each of T¹ and T² is independently hydrogen or phenyl; n is an integer between 10 and 100, inclusive; s is an integer between 20 and 200, inclusive; and q is an integer between 20 and 200, inclusive.
 39. A bottlebrush copolymer comprising a backbone of repeating units covalently linked to polymeric sidechains; wherein the bottlebrush copolymer is a diblock bottlebrush copolymer, and at least one block of the bottlebrush copolymer comprises polysiloxane sidechains linked to each repeating unit.
 40. The bottlebrush copolymer of claim 39, wherein at least one block of the bottlebrush copolymer comprises at least two different polymeric sidechains linked to each repeating unit.
 41. The bottlebrush copolymer of claim 40, wherein each block of the bottlebrush copolymer comprises at least two different polymeric sidechains linked to each repeating unit.
 42. The copolymer of claim 39, wherein the polysiloxane sidechains are polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
 43. The bottlebrush copolymer of claim 39, wherein the bottlebrush copolymer is of Formula (II):

or a salt thereof, wherein: each of G^(A) and G^(B) is independently optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof; each of L¹, L³, and L⁵ is independently a divalent linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof; each of L² and L⁴ is independently a trivalent linker comprising optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or combinations thereof; each of L^(A), L^(B), L^(c), and L^(D) is independently a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof; each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio; n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive; m is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive; and each of A, B, C, and D is independently a polymer or hydrogen; provided that one of A, B, C, and D is a polysiloxane; provided that no two of A, B, C, or D are the same polymer type; and provided that no more than one of A, B, C, or D is hydrogen.
 44. The bottlebrush copolymer of claim 43, wherein the bottlebrush copolymer is of Formula (II-a):

or a salt thereof.
 45. The bottlebrush copolymer of claim 43, wherein B is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
 46. The bottlebrush copolymer of claim 43, wherein B is a polysiloxane; and each of A, C, and D is independently a polyether, a polyester, a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, or a vinyl polymer.
 47. The bottlebrush copolymer of claim 43, wherein B is a polysiloxane; and each of A, C, and D is independently a polyacrylate, polyester, or polystyrene.
 48. The bottlebrush copolymer of claim 43, wherein A is a poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA); B is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); C is poly(lactic acid) (PLA); and D is polystyrene.
 49. The bottlebrush copolymer of claim 43, wherein L^(A) is a bond; A is hydrogen; B is a polysiloxane; C is a polyester; and D is polystyrene.
 50. The bottlebrush copolymer of claim 43, wherein L^(A) is a bond; A is hydrogen; B is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); C is poly(lactic acid); and D is polystyrene.
 51. A bottlebrush polymer, wherein the bottlebrush polymer is of Formula (I):

or a salt thereof, wherein: G^(A) is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof; each of L¹, L³, L^(A), and L^(B) is independently a divalent linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof; L² is a trivalent linker comprising optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof; each of T¹ and T² is independently a terminal group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted hydroxyl, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted thio; n is an integer between 1 and 4000, inclusive; A is a polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; and B is a different polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da; wherein the bottlebrush polymer has a gyroid morphology. 